Life Glow Plus Super Life Glow Life Glow Basic Bone Dense Calcium Taheebo Life Tea Germanium Colloidal Minerals Methyl Sulfonyl Methane Transfer Factor Immune Egg	Vibrant Life Home Web All VL Products Family Of Three Chelation Formulas Oral Chelation Ingredient Comparisons The Wednesday Letter Karl Loren Viewpoints Frequently Asked Questions Testimonials Free Radicals Central Page For 18 Web Sites	Vibrant Life Home Page Shopping Cart	Separate Search Page or search below
Navigation Help	Karl Loren Background	Ingredients Technical	Write To Karl Loren	Table Of Contents

Niacin Technical Reports

There are 72 different studies for which the entire abstract is reproduced below.  If you were to print these it would probably take about 72 pages!   Each of these has a unique bookmark to which you can jump, instantly, and from each of them you can return to the Top Of Document, immediately below.

Top Of Document

Menu Of Studies

Each Menu Choice will jump immediately to the abstract.  The Official Title for each abstract is shown below, as are Karl Loren Comments in some cases.

Click On The Number To View

HealthGate Document

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

New developments in the use of niacin for treatment of hyperlipidemia: new considerations in the use of an old drug.

Author

Crouse JR 3rd

Address

Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.

Source

Coron Artery Dis, 1996 Apr, 7:4, 321-6

Abstract

Niacin has been used for many years to treat hyperlipidemia. It has been shown to reduce coronary death and non-fatal myocardial infarction and, in a separate analysis of long-term (15-year) follow-up, all cause mortality. It reduces total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides and increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Sustained-release niacin may be associated with more dramatic changes in LDL-C and triglyceride, whereas the short acting preparation causes greater increases in HDL-C. The increase of HDL-C occurs at a lower dose (1500 mg/day) than the reduction of LDL-C (> 1500 mg/day). Niacin also favorably influences other lipid parameters including lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], alimentary lipemia, familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 and small dense LDL. Combination of niacin with a bile acid sequestrant or a reductase inhibitor represents a powerful lipid-altering regimen. Whereas the reductase inhibitors and bile acid binding resins primarily affect LDL-C, the combined therapy has a synergistic effect to reduce LDL-C and, in addition, the niacin reduces triglycerides and increases HDL-C. The major drawback in the use of niacin is associated side effects (flushing and palpitations) and toxicity (worsening of diabetes control, exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease, gout, hepatitis). Niacin has a long history of use as a lipid lowering agent and has several attractive features. Unfortunately, the side effect profile of this agent warrants its use only in patients with marked dyslipidemia in whom side effects and potential toxicity are closely monitored.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97006291

Go To Top

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|AD/PD/*TU; Hyperlipidemia|*DT; Niacin|AD/AE/PD/*TU

MeSH Heading

Apolipoproteins B|BL; Cholesterol|BL; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Lipoprotein(a)|BL; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW LITERATURE

ISSN

0954-6928

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Section A

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Reversibility of atherosclerosis--evolving perspectives from two arterial imaging clinical trials: the cholesterol lowering atherosclerosis regression study and the monitored atherosclerosis regression study.

Author

Hodis HN

Address

Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.

Source

J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1995, 25 Suppl 4:, S25-31

Abstract

The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS) and the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS) are serial arterial imaging clinical trials that have explored the reversibility of atherosclerosis with lipid-lowering therapy in native coronary, carotid, and femoral arterial beds, as well as in coronary artery bypass grafts. Results demonstrate that progression of atherosclerosis can be reduced in all these vascular beds. Evolving data indicate that coronary lesions > or = 50% diameter stenosis (%S) at baseline respond more readily to lipid-lowering therapy than lesions <50%S. In addition, lipoproteins may have a differential effect on coronary lesion progression according to lesion size, with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins playing an important role in the progression of lesions <50%S. Limited data indicate that progression of atherosclerosis in women may be more responsive to lipid-lowering therapy than in men, and that estrogen replacement may enhance the anti-atherosclerosis effects of lipid lowering. Longitudinal measurements of carotid artery far wall intima-media thickness (IMT) with B-mode ultrasonography in CLAS and MARS indicate that carotid atherosclerosis at a stage before lesions intrude into the vessel lumen can be reduced by lipid-lowering therapy. Together, CLAS and MARS data indicate that the spectrum from very early lesions confined to the arterial wall to established lesions late in the atherosclerotic process can be reversed with lipid-lowering therapy.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97063344

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|AD/PD/*TU; Atherosclerosis|DH/*DT/SU; Coronary Artery Bypass|*

MeSH Heading

Angiography; Carotid Arteries|DE/IN/US; Colestipol|AD/PD/TU; Coronary Vessels|DE/IN/US; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Femoral Artery|DE/IN/US; Human; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Male; Niacin|AD/PD/TU; Sex Factors; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0160-2446

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Fluvastatin with and without niacin for hypercholesterolemia.

Author

Jacobson TA; Chin MM; Fromell GJ; Jokubaitis LA; Amorosa LF

Address

Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30303.

Source

Am J Cardiol, 1994 Jul, 74:2, 149-54

Abstract

Seventy-four patients with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels > or = 160 mg/dl after an American Heart Association phase 1 diet were randomized to double-blind treatment with fluvastatin, 20 mg/day, or placebo for 6 weeks. Immediate-release niacin was then added to both treatment regimens and titrated to a maximum of 3 g/day for a further 9 weeks. After 6 weeks of fluvastatin monotherapy, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 21% (p < 0.001 vs placebo), and after the addition of niacin, response was potentiated to 40% compared with 25% for the niacin control group at study end point (p < 0.001). Fluvastatin, alone and in combination with niacin, also significantly improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (increases of about 30%) and triglyceride profiles (decreases of approximately 28%) from baseline. Lipoprotein(a) decreased by 37% in those receiving fluvastatin-niacin but was unaltered in those receiving fluvastatin alone. No serious adverse events were ascribed to fluvastatin, and no cases of myositis were observed. Small, transient, asymptomatic increases in aspartate aminotransferase were noted with fluvastatin-niacin treatment but were not considered clinically relevant. Although the fluvastatin-niacin combination in this study was without evidence of significant transaminitis, myopathy, or rhabdomyolysis, it would seem prudent to continue to monitor its safety with longer term use. In conclusion, fluvastatin, both as monotherapy and in combination with niacin, proved to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated therapeutic alternative for hypercholesterolemia.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94295511

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|AD/AE/*TU; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated|AD/AE/*TU; Hypercholesterolemia|BL/DH/*DT; Indoles|AD/AE/*TU; Niacin|AD/AE/*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase|BL; Aspartate Transaminase|BL; Cholesterol|BL; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Drug Tolerance; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Lipoprotein(a)|BL; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Male; Middle Age; Patient Compliance; Placebos; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0002-9149

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Experience with crystalline niacin as the preferred drug for dyslipidemia in a specialty clinic.

Author

Rindone JP; Arriola OG

Address

Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Prescott, Arizona 86313, USA.

Source

Pharmacotherapy, 1997 Nov, 17:6, 1296-9

Abstract

To determine the tolerability and efficacy of crystalline niacin in reaching target lipid goals, we conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 62 patients treated with the agent over 2 years in a lipid clinic at a nonacademic veterans hospital. Most patients received niacin for hypercholesterolemia. Thirty-one patients (50%) stopped therapy due to adverse events, principally, intolerable cutaneous reactions. Twenty-nine withdrew from therapy during the first 6 weeks of treatment. Of those who tolerated niacin, 23 did not achieve target lipid serum concentrations at the maximum tolerated dosage; 8 did achieve target concentrations. Thus crystalline niacin was largely ineffective in treating patients with dyslipidemia.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98060535

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|AD/AE/*TU; Hyperlipidemia|BL/*DT; Niacin|AD/AE/*TU

MeSH Heading

Crystallization; Female; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|BL/DT; Hypertriglyceridemia|BL/DT; Male; Middle Age; Retrospective Studies

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0277-0008

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs immediate-release niacin in hypercholesterolemic patients [see comments]

Author

McKenney JM; Proctor JD; Harris S; Chinchili VM

Address

School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298.

Source

JAMA, 1994 Mar, 271:9, 672-7

Abstract

OBJECTIVE--To compare escalating doses of immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) niacin for effectiveness in reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and for the occurrence of adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity. DESIGN--Randomized, double-blind, parallel comparison of IR and SR niacin administered sequentially at 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 mg/d, each for 6 weeks. SETTING--Cholesterol research center. PATIENTS--Forty-six adults, 23 in each group, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels greater than 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) after 1 month of a step 1 National Cholesterol Education Program diet. OUTCOME MEASURES--Fourteen-hour fasting lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels, results of clinical laboratory tests, a symptom questionnaire, and withdrawal rates. RESULTS--The SR niacin lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than IR niacin did at the dosage of 1500 mg/d and above, while IR niacin increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than SR niacin did at all dosage levels. The reduction in triglyceride levels was similar with IR and SR niacin. Nine (39%) of the 23 patients assigned to the IR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were vasodilatory symptoms, fatigue, and acanthosis nigricans. Eighteen (78%) of the 23 patients assigned to the SR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were gastrointestinal tract symptoms, fatigue, and increases in levels of liver aminotransferases, often with symptoms of hepatic dysfunction. None of the patients taking IR niacin developed hepatotoxic effects, while 12 (52%) of the 23 patients taking SR niacin did. CONCLUSION--The SR form of niacin is hepatotoxic and should be restricted from use. The IR niacin is preferred for the management of hypercholesterolemia but can also cause significant adverse effects and should be given only to patients who can be carefully monitored by experienced health professionals.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94142085

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hypercholesterolemia|BL/*DT; Niacin|*AD/AE/TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Capsules; Comparative Study; Delayed-Action Preparations; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Human; Lipids|BL; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Liver|DE; Male; Middle Age; Statistics; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0098-7484

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Combination of low-dose niacin and pravastatin improves the lipid profile in diabetic patients without compromising glycemic control.

Author

Gardner SF; Marx MA; White LM; Granberry MC; Skelton DR; Fonseca VA

Address

Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA. gardner@cop.uams.edu

Source

Ann Pharmacother, 1997 Jun, 31:6, 677-82

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of the addition of low-dose niacin (1.5 g/d) in a diabetic hypercholesterolemic population who were unable to attain desired lipid control with low-dose (20 mg) pravastatin monotherapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a prospective, open-label study conducted over a 14-week period. Twenty-three diabetic patients with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations of at least 150 mg/dL after dietary therapy were recruited from the outpatient diabetes clinic of a university teaching hospital. After 4 weeks of dietary stabilization and baseline determination of the lipid profile and glycemic control, patients received pravastatin 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks. Laboratory parameters were reassessed and niacin was added to the regimen in qualifying patients. Over 2 weeks, patients' regimens were titrated to a maximal dosage of 500 mg tid. Patients continued to receive the combination regimen for 4 weeks and were reassessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen patients (14 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) completed the study. Mean fasting blood sugar and fructosamine concentrations were unchanged throughout the study. Five patients required minor alterations (3 increased, 2 decreased) in their hypoglycemic regimens during the study. The addition of low-dose niacin to pravastatin therapy resulted in a significant lowering of LDL cholesterol compared with pravastatin monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose niacin is a promising addition to hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97328158

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|AD/AE/*TU; Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent|BL/CO/*DT; Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|BL/CO/*DT; Enzyme Inhibitors|AD/AE/*TU; Niacin|AD/AE/*TU; Pravastatin|AD/AE/*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose|ME; Comparative Study; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fructosamine|BL; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|DT/ET; Lipoprotein(a)|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

1060-0280

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin for lipid disorders. Indications, effectiveness, and safety.

Author

Brown WV

Address

Division of Arteriosclerosis and Lipid Metabolism, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA.

Source

Postgrad Med, 1995 Aug, 98:2, 185-9, 192-3

Abstract

Niacin can be very effective and safe in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels and also in increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. In combination with other lipid-lowering drugs (eg, bile acid sequestrants), it has reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events and stopped the progression of coronary artery lesions. It may be the most cost-effective lipid-lowering agent currently available. At lower doses, sustained-release forms of niacin may also improve patient compliance.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95357279

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|*TU; Hyperlipidemia|*DT; Niacin|AE/CT/*TU

MeSH Heading

Drug Eruptions|ET; Female; Human; Liver|DE; Male

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0032-5481

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Combination therapy with low-dose lovastatin and niacin is as effective as higher-dose lovastatin.

Author

Gardner SF; Schneider EF; Granberry MC; Carter IR

Address

Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.

Source

Pharmacotherapy, 1996 May, 16:3, 419-23

Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES. To determine if low-dose lovastatin in combination with niacin causes a greater percentage reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol than lovastatin alone, and to determine if the combination increases the risk of serious adverse effects. design. Prospective, randomized, open-label, clinical trial. setting. Family medicine clinic of a university-affiliated hospital. Patients. Patients with fasting LDL cholesterol concentrations of at least 150 mg/dl after 4 weeks of dietary stabilization and washout of any cholesterol-lowering drugs. INTERVENTIONS. Twenty-eight patients received lovastatin 20 mg/day for 4 weeks after dietary stabilization and washout. If LDL cholesterol remained above 130 mg/dl (100 mg/dl in patients with coronary artery disease), they were randomized to receive either lovastatin 40 mg/day or a combination of lovastatin 20 mg/day and niacin 500 mg 3 times/day. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS. There was no difference in actual or percentage reductions of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides between the groups. A greater increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol occurred with combination therapy (p = 0.024). There was no difference in liver function tests, glucose, or uric acid between the therapies. Based on drug-acquisition cost, combination therapy is approximately 40% less expensive than monotherapy. CONCLUSION. Low-dose niacin plus low-dose lovastatin was as effective as higher-dose lovastatin in lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The combination may offer benefit in raising HDL cholesterol levels.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96336745

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|*AD/AE/BL; Hyperlipidemia|*DT; Lovastatin|*AD/AE/BL; Niacin|*AD/AE/BL

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Aged; Comparative Study; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0277-0008

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE

Title

A randomized trial to assess effectiveness and cost in clinical practice: rationale and design of the Cholesterol Reduction Intervention Study (CRIS).

Author

Oster G; Borok GM; Menzin J; Heys JF; Epstein RS; Quinn V; Benson VV; Dudl RJ; Epstein A

Address

Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI), Brookline, Massachusetts 02146, USA.

Source

Control Clin Trials, 1995 Feb, 16:1, 3-16

Abstract

To compare the effectiveness and costs of two alternative approaches to the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, a prospective randomized trial is being undertaken at Southern California Kaiser Permanente, a large health maintenance organization. Six hundred and twelve patients with postdiet LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the range of 190-230 mg/dl (or 160-230 mg/dl for those with coronary heart disease or two or more coronary risk factors) were randomized to a stepped-care regimen (initial treatment with niacin followed by other agents if needed) or to initial use of lovastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. All patients are being followed for 1 year. The study seeks to approximate conditions of typical clinical practice: provider compliance with these plans of treatment is encouraged but not enforced and patients pay for medication as they customarily would. Principal outcomes of interest include the proportion of participants who achieve goal LDL-C at one year, the mean change in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between baseline and the end of follow-up, and the costs of cholesterol-lowering therapy.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95262410

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hypercholesterolemia|BL/*DT; Lovastatin|AD/AE/*TU; Niacin|AD/AE/*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Comparative Study; Coronary Disease|BL; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Costs and Cost Analysis; Follow-Up Studies; Gemfibrozil|AD/AE/TU; Human; Intervention Studies; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Middle Age; Patient Selection; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0197-2456

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 10 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effect of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Author

Thomas VL; Gropper SS

Address

TADC-DPH-SP, US Army Personnel Command, Alexandria, VA, USA.

Source

Biol Trace Elem Res, 1996 Dec, 55:3, 297-305

Abstract

The effects of daily supplemental chromium (200 micrograms) complexed with 1.8 mg nicotinic acid on plasma glucose and lipids, including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, were assessed in 14 healthy adults and 5 adults with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using a double-blind crossover study with 8-wk experimental periods. Eight of the 14 healthy subjects and all 5 subjects with NIDDM also underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with assessment of 90 min postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. No statistically significant effects of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation were found on plasma insulin, glucose, or lipid concentrations, although chromium nicotinic acid supplementation slightly lowered fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose concentrations, and 90-min postprandial glucose concentrations in individuals with NIDDM.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97251174

MeSH Heading (Major)

Blood Glucose|AN/*DE; Cardiovascular Diseases|EP/*PC; Chromium|AD/*PD/TU; Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|*BL/CO/DT; Lipids|*BL; Niacin|AD/*PD/TU

MeSH Heading

Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Human; Insulin|BL; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Male; Middle Age; Risk Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0163-4984

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 11 from database: MEDLINE

Title

ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the safe use of niacin in the management of dyslipidemias. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists [see comments]

Address

 

Source

Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1997 Dec, 54:24, 2815-9

Abstract

ASHP supports the use of niacin as an effective therapy for the management of dyslipidemias in adults. Successful and safe therapy requires ongoing supervision and instruction by qualified health care providers to monitor the efficacy of therapy and minimize niacin's potential for adverse effects. Because many niacin products are available without a prescription, pharmacists are in a unique position to help ensure that patients make the best use of this medication.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98090635

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hyperlipidemia|*DT; Niacin|AD/*AE/*TU

MeSH Heading

Drug Monitoring; Gastrointestinal Diseases|CI; Human; Liver Diseases|CI; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacists; Skin Diseases|CI

Publication Type

GUIDELINE; JOURNAL ARTICLE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE

ISSN

1079-2082

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 12 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Membrane fatty acids, niacin flushing and clinical parameters.

Author

Glen AI; Cooper SJ; Rybakowski J; Vaddadi K; Brayshaw N; Horrobin DF

Address

Highland Psychiatric Research Group, Craig Dunain Hospital, Inverness, UK.

Source

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 1996 Aug, 55:1-2, 9-15

Abstract

Clinical definitions of schizophrenia are unreliable and difficult to use. The niacin flush test, which involves prostaglandin-induced vasodilatation, offers a method of exploring essential fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenic patients and may serve to define a subgroup of patients. In a multicentre study of schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms, we have examined the clinical accompaniments of the niacin response. Patients failing to flush with niacin showed significantly reduced levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. Conversion from non-flushing to flushing during the 6 month supplementation period was predicted by an increase in arachidonic acid levels in red blood cell membranes irrespective of nature of supplementation. In this study, patients were selected for their negative symptoms and, therefore, it was not surprising that further measures of negative or positive symptoms did not predict flushing. However, an increased score for affective symptoms was significantly associated with a positive flush response. The stability of the niacin test needs to be examined in relation to the periodicity of symptoms in schizophrenia and manic depressive illness. New information on the anandamide system suggests that it may be associated with periodic phenomena and should be investigated in relation to the niacin test.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97042919

MeSH Heading (Major)

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated|AD/*TU; Fatty Acids, Essential|AD/*BL/*TU; Flushing|*CI; Niacin|AE/*DU; Schizophrenia|*BL/DT

MeSH Heading

Adult; Antipsychotic Agents|PD; Arachidonic Acids|BL; Capsules; Cell Membrane|CH; Clozapine|PD; Comparative Study; Docosahexaenoic Acids|BL; Double-Blind Method; Erythrocytes|CY/UL; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0952-3278

Country of Publication

SCOTLAND

Go To Top

Section A

Record 13 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Cholesterol-reduction intervention study (CRIS): a randomized trial to assess effectiveness and costs in clinical practice [see comments]

Author

Oster G; Borok GM; Menzin J; Heyse JF; Epstein RS; Quinn V; Benson V; Dudl RJ; Epstein AM

Address

Policy Analysis Inc, Brookline, Mass, USA.

Source

Arch Intern Med, 1996 Apr, 156:7, 731-9

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The 1988 US National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel Report recommended initial treatment with niacin or bile acid sequestrants, followed by other agents if needed, to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients who require drug therapy. It is unknown how the effectiveness and costs of such an approach ("stepped care") compare in typical clinical practice to those of initial therapy with lovastatin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We randomly assigned 612 patients, aged 20 to 70 years, who met 1988 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for drug treatment of elevated LDL-C level and had not previously used cholesterol-lowering medication, to either a stepped-care regimen or initial therapy with lovastatin (both n=306). The study, conducted at Southern California Kaiser Permanente, was designed to approximate typical practice: provider compliance with treatment plans was encouraged but not enforced, and patients paid for medication as they customarily would. RESULTS: At 1 year, the decline in mean LDL-C level was significantly greater among patients assigned to initial treatment with lovastatin (22% vs 15% for stepped care; P<.001), as was the number who attained goal LDL-C level (

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96194210

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|EC/*TU; Hypercholesterolemia|*DT/EC; Lovastatin|EC/*TU; Niacin|EC/*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Comparative Study; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0003-9926

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section A

Record 14 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Evaluation of effects of unmodified niacin on fasting and postprandial plasma lipids in normolipidemic men with hypoalphalipoproteinemia [see comments]

Author

King JM; Crouse JR; Terry JG; Morgan TM; Spray BJ; Miller NE

Address

Departments of Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1047.

Source

Am J Med, 1994 Oct, 97:4, 323-31

Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define the effects of unmodified niacin on basal lipids and lipoproteins and on the plasma triglyceride response to a fatty meal--postprandial or alimentary lipemia--in individuals with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and normal fasting cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (normolipidemic hypoalphalipoproteinemia, isolated low HDL-C). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight normolipidemic men (total plasma cholesterol concentration [TC] < 230 mg/dL [< 6 mmol/L], plasma triglyceride [Tg] < 250 mg/dL [2.75 mmol/L]) with low plasma concentrations of HDL-C were randomly assigned to increasing doses of crystalline niacin (up to 3,000 mg/d) or no drug for 12 weeks, then crossed over to the alternate regimen. Outcome measures included changes in plasma lipoproteins and alimentary lipemia. RESULTS: Fifteen participants completed the study. Mean baseline HDL-C +/- SD was 31.7 +/- 6.2 mg/dL (0.82 +/- 0.16 mmol/L). Mean baseline TC, plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and Tg were 192 +/- 29.4 mg/dL (4.97 +/- 0.76 mmol/L), 123 +/- 27 mg/dL (3.17 +/- 0.69 mmol/L), and 197 +/- 75 mg/dL (2.17 +/- 0.83 mmol/L), respectively. Unmodified niacin treatment resulted in significant (P < 0.001) reductions of 14% in TC (to 165 mg/dL, 4.26 mmol/L), 40% in Tg (to 119 mg/dL, 1.31 mmol/L), and 18% in LDL-C (to 101 mg/dL, 2.60 mmol/L) and significant increases of 30% in HDL-C (to 42 mg/dL, 1.07 mmol/L), 100% in HDL2 cholesterol (from 5 mg/dL to 9 mg/dL, 0.12 mmol/L to 0.24 mmol/L), and 21% in HDL3 cholesterol (from 27 mg/dL to 33 mg/dL, 0.70 mmol/L to 0.85 mmol/L). Unmodified niacin treatment reduced alimentary lipemia by 45% (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Crystalline niacin effectively raises HDL-C, lowers LDL-C, and reduces alimentary lipemia in patients with isolated low HDL-C. However, many patients have difficulty tolerating the drug, and supervision may be required to sustain patient compliance and avoid toxicity.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95029461

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hypolipoproteinemia|*DT; Lipids|*BL; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL/DE; Niacin|*PD/TU

MeSH Heading

Dietary Fats|AD; Fasting; Gemfibrozil|PD; Human; Male; Middle Age; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0002-9343

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

. HealthGate Document

Section B

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

A randomized trial to assess effectiveness and cost in clinical practice: rationale and design of the Cholesterol Reduction Intervention Study (CRIS).

Author

Oster G; Borok GM; Menzin J; Heys JF; Epstein RS; Quinn V; Benson VV; Dudl RJ; Epstein A

Address

Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI), Brookline, Massachusetts 02146, USA.

Source

Control Clin Trials, 1995 Feb, 16:1, 3-16

Abstract

To compare the effectiveness and costs of two alternative approaches to the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, a prospective randomized trial is being undertaken at Southern California Kaiser Permanente, a large health maintenance organization. Six hundred and twelve patients with postdiet LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the range of 190-230 mg/dl (or 160-230 mg/dl for those with coronary heart disease or two or more coronary risk factors) were randomized to a stepped-care regimen (initial treatment with niacin followed by other agents if needed) or to initial use of lovastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. All patients are being followed for 1 year. The study seeks to approximate conditions of typical clinical practice: provider compliance with these plans of treatment is encouraged but not enforced and patients pay for medication as they customarily would. Principal outcomes of interest include the proportion of participants who achieve goal LDL-C at one year, the mean change in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between baseline and the end of follow-up, and the costs of cholesterol-lowering therapy.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95262410

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hypercholesterolemia|BL/*DT; Lovastatin|AD/AE/*TU; Niacin|AD/AE/*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Comparative Study; Coronary Disease|BL; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Costs and Cost Analysis; Follow-Up Studies; Gemfibrozil|AD/AE/TU; Human; Intervention Studies; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Middle Age; Patient Selection; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0197-2456

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section B

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

A randomized trial of the effects of atorvastatin and niacin in patients with combined hyperlipidemia or isolated hypertriglyceridemia. Collaborative Atorvastatin Study Group.

Author

McKenney JM; McCormick LS; Weiss S; Koren M; Kafonek S; Black DM

Address

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.

Source

Am J Med, 1998 Feb, 104:2, 137-43

Abstract

BACKGROUND: To assess the lipid-lowering effects and safety of atorvastatin and niacin in patients with combined hyperlipidemia or isolated hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS: We performed a randomized, open-label, parallel-design, active-controlled, study in eight centers in the United States. We enrolled 108 patients with total cholesterol (TC) of > or =200 mg/dL, serum triglycerides (TG) > or =200 and < or =800 mg/dL, and apolipoprotein B (apo B) > or =110 mg/dL. Patients were randomly assigned to receive atorvastatin 10 mg once daily (n=55) or immediate-release niacin 1 g three times daily for 12 weeks (n=53). Patients were stratified based on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): Patients with LDL-C > or =135 mg/dL were considered to have combined hyperlipidemia and patients with LDL-C <135 mg/dL were considered to have isolated hypertriglyceridemia. The primary outcome measure was percent change from baseline in LDL-C. Other lipid levels were evaluated as secondary parameters. RESULTS: Atorvastatin reduced LDL-C 30% and TC 26% from baseline, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 4%. Total TG were reduced 17%. Niacin reduced LDL-C 2%, TC 7%, increased HDL-C 25%, and reduced total TG 29% from baseline. There was a significant difference in LDL-C reduction, the primary efficacy parameter, between the two treatment groups (P <0.05, favoring atorvastatin), as well as a significant difference in the improvement in HDL-C (P <0.05, favoring niacin). The effect of atorvastatin was relatively consistent between patients with combined hyperlipidemia and isolated hypertriglyceridemia, whereas there was more variability between these strata in the niacin treatment group. Atorvastatin was better tolerated than niacin. CONCLUSION: Atorvastatin may allow patients with combined hyperlipidemia to be treated with monotherapy and offers an efficacious and well-tolerated alternative to niacin for the treatment of patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98187580

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|*TU; Heptanoic Acids|*TU; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors|*TU; Hyperlipidemia|BL/*DT; Hypertriglyceridemia|BL/*DT; Niacin|*TU; Pyrroles|*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Cholesterol|BL; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides|BL; United States

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0002-9343

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section B

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Evaluating the role of niacin in human carcinogenesis.

Author

Jacobson EL; Dame AJ; Pyrek JS; Jacobson MK

Address

Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0093, USA.

Source

Biochimie, 1995, 77:5, 394-8

Abstract

Our understanding of the role of ADP-ribose polymer metabolism in limiting carcinogenic events and the dependence of this metabolism on cellular NAD levels predicts that niacin deficiency leading to reduced NAD levels may enhance carcinogenesis. This prediction has led us to initiate studies to evaluate the potential of niacin as a preventive factor in human cancer. The first approach involves development of a method to assess biochemically niacin status in humans using intracellular NAD derived from whole blood, primarily erythrocytes, as the relevant marker of niacin status. We have shown that erythrocyte NAD content varies by as much as 12-fold within a population and can be modulated readily by supplementation. A second approach to testing this hypothesis involves understanding the relationship of dietary niacin, circulating levels of NAD precursors (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) and NAD in target tissues for human cancer. Current analytical methods for quantification of plasma levels of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide following intake in the dietary range are not sufficient. Thus, we have developed a GC-MS method for the rapid, sensitive, and selective determination of both nicotinamide and nicotinic acid in plasma. These methods will now allow assessment of niacin metabolism in humans that could lead to a new understanding of niacin in prevention of cancer.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96051183

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticarcinogenic Agents|ME/*TU; Niacin|*ME/*TU; NAD|*ME; Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose|*ME

MeSH Heading

Diet; Erythrocytes|ME; Human; Niacinamide|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tryptophan|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0300-9084

Country of Publication

FRANCE

Go To Top

Section B

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effect of nicotinic acid on exogenous myocardial glucose utilization.

Author

Stone CK; Holden JE; Stanley W; Perlman SB

Address

Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, USA.

Source

J Nucl Med, 1995 Jun, 36:6, 996-1002

Abstract

Clinical assessment of myocardial glucose uptake with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and PET requires the control of circulating substrates to achieve acceptable image quality. METHODS: To determine the efficacy of the hypolipemic effect of oral niacin upon myocardial 18F-FDG uptake, five volunteers were studied with 18F-FDG and PET in the fasting state, with and without treatment with niacin. Levels of glucose, fatty acids, insulin and catecholamines were measured at baseline and before and after 18F-FDG administration by programmed infusion. RESULTS: No significant changes in glucose or insulin levels occurred with niacin. A significant decrease in fatty acid levels with niacin treatment was associated with a two- to three-fold increase in myocardial glucose utilization rates relative to the fasting state. Furthermore, regional variation in tracer distribution with greater uptake in the lateral wall than the septum or anterior wall in the fasting studies was not present after niacin treatment. CONCLUSION: As determined by programmed infusion of 18F-FDG and PET imaging, niacin treatment in normal volunteers was associated with an increase in exogenous glucose utilization by the heart and a decrease in the cardiac regional variation of 18F-FDG. Further studies are needed to compare the relative value of niacin therapy and oral glucose loading for determination of myocardial exogenous glucose utilization rates.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95287225

MeSH Heading (Major)

Deoxyglucose|*AA/DU; Fluorine|*DU; Glucose|*ME; Myocardium|*ME; Niacin|*PD; Tomography, Emission-Computed|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Blood Glucose|AN; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified|BL; Female; Heart|RI; Human; Insulin|BL; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0161-5505

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section B

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effect of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Author

Thomas VL; Gropper SS

Address

TADC-DPH-SP, US Army Personnel Command, Alexandria, VA, USA.

Source

Biol Trace Elem Res, 1996 Dec, 55:3, 297-305

Abstract

The effects of daily supplemental chromium (200 micrograms) complexed with 1.8 mg nicotinic acid on plasma glucose and lipids, including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, were assessed in 14 healthy adults and 5 adults with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using a double-blind crossover study with 8-wk experimental periods. Eight of the 14 healthy subjects and all 5 subjects with NIDDM also underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with assessment of 90 min postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. No statistically significant effects of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation were found on plasma insulin, glucose, or lipid concentrations, although chromium nicotinic acid supplementation slightly lowered fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose concentrations, and 90-min postprandial glucose concentrations in individuals with NIDDM.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97251174

MeSH Heading (Major)

Blood Glucose|AN/*DE; Cardiovascular Diseases|EP/*PC; Chromium|AD/*PD/TU; Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|*BL/CO/DT; Lipids|*BL; Niacin|AD/*PD/TU

MeSH Heading

Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Human; Insulin|BL; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Male; Middle Age; Risk Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0163-4984

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section B

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Relative effectiveness of niacin and lovastatin for treatment of dyslipidemias in a health maintenance organization [see comments]

Author

OConnor PJ; Rush WA; Trence DL

Address

HealthPartners Group Health Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55440-1309, USA.

Source

J Fam Pract, 1997 May, 44:5, 462-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: We conducted an historical cohort study to evaluate the relative effectiveness of niacin and lovastatin in the treatment of dyslipidemias in patients enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO). METHODS: To be eligible for this study, adults aged 18 years and older who were initially treated with either niacin or lovastatin between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993, were identified from pharmacy databases. Each potentially eligible member with a fasting lipid panel prior to initiation of drug therapy and with a second fasting lipid panel between 9 and 15 months after initiation of drug therapy was included in the study. A total of 244 patients treated with niacin and 160 patients treated with lovastatin had complete data and are subjects of this report. RESULTS: Patients initially treated with lovastatin had higher baseline mean cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels as well as higher rates of diabetes mellitus and heart disease than did patients initially treated with niacin. Lovastatin use was associated with a mean 25.8% decrease in LDL cholesterol, while niacin use was associated with a mean 17.5% drop in LDL cholesterol (t = 3.19, P < .002). Niacin use was associated with a 16.3% improvement in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, while HDL-cholesterol levels in the lovastatin group improved 1.5% (t = 4.74, P < .001). Niacin use was associated with an 18.4% improvement in triglycerides, while lovastatin use was associated with an 8% improvement in triglyceride levels (t = 2.81, P = .005). Differences in LDL/HDL ratio from before treatment to follow-up were no different in the two groups of patients (t = -1.21, P = .22). A total of 46% of patients initially treated with either drug reached their treatment goals in accordance with those set by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Drug discontinuation rates were 73% for niacin and 52% for lovastatin at follow-up, which averaged 10.7 months in each group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both niacin and lovastatin are effective in treating dyslipidemic patients in this care system, and that physicians appropriately use lovastatin more often for patients with higher baseline LDL levels and more comorbidity. The data also strongly suggest that establishing an organized, population-based approach to systematically identify, treat, and monitor patients with dyslipidemias may be the single most important intervention HMOs should consider for improving control of dyslipidemias on a population basis.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97296794

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|*TU; Health Maintenance Organizations|*; Hyperlipidemia|BL/*DT; Lovastatin|*TU; Niacin|*TU

MeSH Heading

Cohort Studies; Comparative Study; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Male; Middle Age; Midwestern United States; Patient Compliance; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0094-3509

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section B

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin deficiency and cancer in women.

Author

Jacobson EL

Address

Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0080.

Source

J Am Coll Nutr, 1993 Aug, 12:4, 412-6

Abstract

A new interest in the relationship between niacin and cancer has evolved from the discovery that the principal form of this vitamin, NAD, is consumed as a substrate in ADP-ribose transfer reactions. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, an enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks, is the ADP-ribosyltransferase of greatest interest with regard to effects on the niacin status of cells since its Km for NAD is high, and its activity can deplete NAD. Studies of the consequences of DNA damage in cultured mouse and human cells as a function of niacin status have supported the hypothesis that niacin may be a protective factor that limits carcinogenic events. To test this hypothesis in humans, we used a biochemical method based on the observation that as niacin nutriture decreases, NAD readily declines and NADP remains relatively constant. This has been demonstrated in both fibroblasts and in whole blood from humans. Thus, we use "niacin number," (NAD/NAD+NADP) x 100% from whole blood, as a measure of niacin status. Healthy control subjects showed a mean niacin number of 62.8 +/- 3.0 compared to 64.0 for individuals on a niacin-controlled diet. Analyses of women in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study showed a mean niacin number of 60.4 with a range of 44 to 75. The distribution of niacin status in this population was nongaussian, with an unpredictably large number of individuals having low values.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94014001

MeSH Heading (Major)

Diet|*; Neoplasms|*ET; Niacin|*DF; Women's Health|*

MeSH Heading

Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Male; Middle Age; Nutritional Status; NAD|BL; NADP|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0731-5724

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

53-59-8 (NADP); 53-84-9 (NAD); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

HealthGate Documents

Section C

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia: the role of diet.

Author

Zhang ZF; Kurtz RC; Yu GP; Sun M; Gargon N; Karpeh M Jr; Fein JS; Harlap S

Address

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. zhang@biosta.mskcc.org

Source

Nutr Cancer, 1997, 27:3, 298-309

Abstract

The incidence of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia (ACEGC) has been increasing for the past 10-15 years in the United States. The reason for this increase is unknown. This hospital-based case-control study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary and nutritional factors on the risk of ACECG. A total of 95 incident cases with pathological diagnosis and 132 cancer-free controls were included in the study. Patients were recruited at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1 November 1992 to 1 November 1994. Epidemiologic data were collected by a modified National Cancer Institute Health Habits History Questionnaire. Nutritional and dietary factors were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Increased risk of ACEGC was significantly related to higher intake of dietary calories and fat after controlling for several potential confounding factors. Decreased risk of ACEGC was significantly associated with high ingestion of dietary fiber, lutein, niacin, vitamin B6, iron, and zinc. Higher intakes of vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin E, folate, phosphorus, and potassium were associated with a decreased risk of the disease, but these were not statistically significant. The study suggests that ACEGC can be preventable through dietary interventions.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97256230

MeSH Heading (Major)

Adenocarcinoma|*ET/PA/PC; Diet|*; Esophageal Neoplasms|*ET/PA/PC; Stomach Neoplasms|*ET/PA/PC

MeSH Heading

Case-Control Studies; Dietary Fats|AD; Dietary Fiber|AD; Energy Intake; Human; Iron|AD; Logistic Models; Minerals|AD; Niacin|AD; Nutrition; Pyridoxine|AD; Risk Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vitamins|AD; Xanthophyll|AD; Zinc|AD

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0163-5581

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effects of soaking, cooking and fermentation on composition, in-vitro starch digestibility and nutritive value of common beans.

Author

Barampama Z; Simard RE

Address

DÆepartement de Science et Technologie des Aliments, UniversitÆe Laval, Ste-Foy, Qc Canada.

Source

Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 1995 Dec, 48:4, 349-65

Abstract

A common bean variety, grown in Burundi, was either fermented, soaked and/or cooked, and then assessed for nutrient composition, in-vitro starch digestibility and protein nutritive value. A decrease in ash, most minerals, vitamins, and some essential amino acids was noted for soaked, cooked and soaked-cooked beans. Compared to untreated beans, soaking decreased soluble sugar (9.8 percent) but increased starch (7.3 percent) and soluble fiber (16.9 percent). In cooked beans, an increase in soluble sugar (1.5 percent), and a decrease in thiamine (81.7 percent), starch (24.6 percent) and soluble fiber (16.6 percent) and nitrogen (2.9 percent) contents were observed. Crude fiber (6.9 percent) and starch (10.0 percent) increased while fat (17.6 percent), fatty acids (linoleic: 10.7 percent; linolenic: 14.3 percent) and soluble sugars (25.4 percent) and nitrogen (14.4 percent) decreased in soaked-cooked beans. Fermentation increased potassium (11.6 percent), soluble fiber (18.9 percent), and some amino acids but decreased fatty acids (linoleic: 13.5 percent; linolenic: 19.9 percent), soluble sugar (75.2 percent) and vitamin (riboflavin: 41.0 percent; niacin: 24.5 percent) contents in common beans. However, the in-vitro starch digestibility was greatly improved (12.3 percent) by cooking while it decreased in soaked beans (29.2 percent). Soaking-cooking and fermentation did not have any significant effect on the digestibility of common bean starch. Finally, among the five treatments applied to common beans, only fermentation showed a significant improvement (8.3 percent) on the protein nutritive value of this legume.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97036726

MeSH Heading (Major)

Digestion|*PH; Food Handling|*MT; Legumes|*CH/ST; Starch|*AN/*ME

MeSH Heading

Amino Acids|AN; Burundi; Carbohydrates|AN; Dietary Fats|AN; Dietary Fiber|AN; Dietary Proteins|AN; Fatty Acids|AN; Fermentation; Human; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Minerals|AN; Niacin|AN; Nitrogen|AN; Nutritive Value; Potassium|AN; Riboflavin|AN; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Thiamine|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0921-9668

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Go To Top

Section C

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

High-performance liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic determination of free nicotinic acid in human plasma and separation of its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis.

Author

Zarzycki PK; Kowalski P; Nowakowska J; Lamparczyk H

Address

Medical Academy, Faculty of Pharmacy, GdaÆnsk, Poland.

Source

J Chromatogr A, 1995 Aug, 709:1, 203-8

Abstract

Two methods are described based on high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis that provide the selective and sensitive determination of nicotinic acid in human plasma. Moreover, the capillary electrophoresis system was used for the separation of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide N-oxide, N'-methylnicotinamide, 6-hydroxynicontinic acid, nicotinuric acid and barbital (internal standard). The extraction procedure is simple; no gradient elution or derivatization is required. Both methods can be useful for clinical and biomedical investigations.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96073441

MeSH Heading (Major)

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid|*MT; Electrophoresis|*MT; Niacin|*BL/ME

MeSH Heading

Human; Reference Standards; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Go To Top

Section C

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effects of crystalline nicotinic acid-induced hepatic dysfunction on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lecithin cholesteryl acyl transferase.

Author

Tatò F; Vega GL; Grundy SM

Address

Department of Clinical Nutrition of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and The Veterans Affairs Medical Center at Dallas, 75235-9052, USA.

Source

Am J Cardiol, 1998 Mar, 81:6, 805-7

Abstract

Marked lowering of plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that occur during treatment of dyslipidemia with pharmacologic doses of nicotinic acid result from hepatotoxicity. Therefore, a marked reduction in low-density lipoprotein may suggest generalized liver toxicity and drug treatment should be discontinued.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98186331

MeSH Heading (Major)

Acyltransferases|*ME; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|*BL; Liver|*PP; Liver Diseases|*BL/*CI/PP; Niacin|*AE; Phosphatidylcholines|*ME

MeSH Heading

Case Report; Human; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-9149

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Vitamins as therapy in the 1990s.

Author

Swain R; Kaplan B

Address

Department of Family Medicine and Sports Medicine, West Virginia University, Charleston 25301, USA.

Source

J Am Board Fam Pract, 1995 May, 8:3, 206-16

Abstract

BACKGROUND: At one time vitamins were considered as essential nutrients needed only in very small amounts to prevent deficiency syndromes. Many vitamins and their derivatives, however, are currently being used in the mainstream of medicine as therapeutic modalities. METHODS: A MEDLINE literature search for clinical reviews and original studies on the use of vitamins in medicine was conducted along with a search of the obtained papers' bibliographies. The primary years of search were 1990-1994. Research reports written before 1990 were used after cross-referencing from more recent articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Based on the literature review, several recommendations for the use of vitamins for treatment and prevention are presented. They include topical vitamin A derivatives (tretinoin) for the treatment of acne and age-related skin damage, oral vitamin A derivatives for severe cystic acne (isotretinoin) and psoriasis (etretinate), vitamin D3 for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal females, topical vitamin D in psoriasis patients, and niacin for serum cholesterol reduction. Folate appears to decrease the incidence of neural tube defects if given in the preconception phase of pregnancy. Finally, recent preliminary evidence suggests the possible benefit of antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene) in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95343789

MeSH Heading (Major)

Vitamins|*TU

MeSH Heading

Female; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|DT; Niacin|TU; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal|DT; Preventive Medicine; Skin Diseases|DT; Vitamin D|TU

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0893-8652

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Comparison of lovastatin (20 mg) and nicotinic acid (1.2 g) with either drug alone for type II hyperlipoproteinemia.

Author

Vacek JL; Dittmeier G; Chiarelli T; White J; Bell HH

Address

Mid-America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.

Source

Am J Cardiol, 1995 Jul, 76:3, 182-4

Abstract

Our study indicates that the combination of nicotinic acid (1.2 g/day) and lovastatin (20 mg/day) is more effective than either drug alone in reducing total and LDL cholesterol. Although HDL cholesterol was not significantly improved by these doses of agents over the duration of this study, LDL/HDL and HDL/total cholesterol ratios were improved due to the beneficial actions on total and LDL cholesterol. No serious side effects or changes in serum chemistries were observed, and the combination was well tolerated.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95335538

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|BL/DH/*DT; Lovastatin|*AD/AE; Niacin|*AD/AE

MeSH Heading

Aged; Comparative Study; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Human; Lipids|BL; Lipoproteins|BL/DE; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0002-9149

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Nicotinic acid decreases serum thyroid hormone levels while maintaining a euthyroid state.

Author

Shakir KM; Kroll S; Aprill BS; Drake AJ 3rd; Eisold JF

Address

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5600, USA.

Source

Mayo Clin Proc, 1995 Jun, 70:6, 556-8

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nicotinic acid on serum thyroid hormone levels in the absence of systemic illness or hepatic dysfunction. DESIGN: We determined the effect of treatment with nicotinic acid on serum thyroid hormone levels in one female and four male patients (mean age, 44.4 years) with hyperlipidemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the five study patients, we measured serum lipids in conjunction with serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake, T3, free T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine-binding globulin before, during, and after treatment with nicotinic acid. RESULTS: Serum lipid levels responded appropriately to nicotinic acid treatment. Thyroid function studies done a mean of 1.3 years (range, 0.5 to 3.5) after initiation of nicotinic acid therapy (mean daily dose, 2.6 +/- 0.7 g) revealed significant decreases in serum levels of total T4 (21%), free T4 index (16%), T3 (13%), and thyroxine-binding globulin (23%) (P < 0.02), whereas no significant changes were noted in free T4, T3 resin uptake, and TSH levels. During the course of treatment, the patients, who were carefully questioned, had no symptoms of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was further excluded in three patients who had a normal serum TSH response to administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In two patients, measurements of thyroid function returned to pretreatment levels after discontinuation of nicotinic acid therapy. No patient had significant abnormalities in liver-associated enzymes or evidence of systemic illness during the course of treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that nicotinic acid decreases serum thyroid hormone concentrations while maintaining a euthyroid state. This effect may be mediated through reduction in thyroxine-binding globulin, but other mechanisms may also be involved.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95295367

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hyperlipidemia|*BL/DT; Niacin|*PD/TU; Thyrotropin|BL/*DE; Thyroxine|BL/*DE; Thyroxine-Binding Proteins|*DE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Female; Human; Liver|DE/PH; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Age; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland|DE/PH; Triiodothyronine|BL/DE

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0025-6196

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Number-needed-to-treat analysis of the prevention of myocardial infarction and death by antidyslipidemic therapy [see comments]

Author

Rembold CM

Address

Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA. crembold@virginia.edu

Source

J Fam Pract, 1996 Jun, 42:6, 577-86

Abstract

BACKGROUND. Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause of death in the United States for persons over the age of 45. Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors for the development of coronary atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest that treating dyslipidemia in persons with coronary atherosclerosis may decrease morbidity and mortality. METHODS. A meta-analysis of 33 studies on the clinical and angiographic benefits of treating dyslipidemia in the prevention of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease was performed. These benefits are quantitated in the form of "number needed to treat" (NNT) as an estimate of the public health benefit. The NNT is defined as the number of people that need to be treated to prevent one event. RESULTS. Treatment of dyslipidemia in persons with multiple atherosclerosis risk factors alone, ie, primary prevention, was effective in preventing myocardial infarction and all-cause death. In six trials of primary prevention, excluding the British cooperative trial using clofibrate, the NNT was 53 to prevent a nonfatal MI and 190 to prevent all-cause death (4.8 years treatment with total cholesterol reduction of 15%). Treatment of dyslipidemia in people with known atherosclerosis, ie, secondary and tertiary prevention, was also effective in preventing myocardial infarctions and death from all causes. For 23 trials of secondary and tertiary prevention, the NNT was 37 to prevent death from any cause (4.9 years treatment with total cholesterol reduction of 18%). In the trials with quantitative angiography, the NNT was 7 to prevent progression of coronary atherosclerosis and 10 to induce regression of coronary atherosclerosis (2.5 years treatment with a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction of 28%). Similar benefits were observed in those trials employing HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Benefits may be similar with niacin or dietary therapy, but these therapies did not reach significance in all categories of benefits, potentially due to beta error. These treatment benefits are comparable to other secondary prevention measures such as aspirin or beta blockers. The benefits appeared to extend to persons over 65, with less clearly defined benefits for women. CONCLUSIONS. These results support the overall clinical benefit of treating dyslipidemia, both in persons with and without known atherosclerosis.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96251910

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|*TU; Coronary Arteriosclerosis|*CO/*DT; Hyperlipidemia|*CO/*DT

MeSH Heading

Coronary Angiography; Disease Progression; Female; Human; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|AI; Male; Myocardial Infarction|ET/PC; Niacin|TU; Risk Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; META-ANALYSIS

ISSN

0094-3509

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effects of micronutrient intake on survival in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Author

Tang AM; Graham NM; Saah AJ

Address

Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Source

Am J Epidemiol, 1996 Jun, 143:12, 1244-56

Abstract

The authors examined the relation between dietary and supplemental micronutrient intake and subsequent mortality among 281 human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1)-infected participants at the Baltimore, Maryland/Washington, DC, site of the Multicenter Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Cohort Study. Subjects completed a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire at their baseline visit in 1984. Levels of daily micronutrient intake were examined in relation to subsequent mortality over the 8-year follow-up period by using multivariate Cox models, adjusting for age, symptoms, CD4+ count, energy intake, and treatment. The highest quartile of intake for each B-group vitamin was independently associated with improved survival: B1 (relative hazard (RH) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38-0.95), B2 (RH = 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-0.93), B6 (RH = 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.73), and niacin (RH = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.91). In a final model, the third quartile of beta-carotene intake (RH = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.98) was associated with improved survival, while increasing intakes of zinc were associated with poorer survival. Intakes of B6 supplements at more than twice the recommended dietary allowance were associated with improved survival (RH = 0.60, 95% CI 0.39-0.93), while intakes of B1 and B2 supplements at levels greater than five times the recommended dietary allowance were associated with improved survival (B1: RH = 0.61, 95% CI 0.38-0.98; B2:RH = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.97). Any intake of zinc supplements, however, was associated with poorer survival (RH = 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.18). These data support the performance of clinical trials to assess the effects of B-group vitamin supplements on HIV-1-related survival. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal level of zinc intake in HIV-1-infected individuals.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96245096

MeSH Heading (Major)

Diet|*; HIV Infections|*MO; HIV-1|*; Micronutrients|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Cohort Studies; Human; Male; Niacin|AD; Proportional Hazards Models; Questionnaires; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Survival Analysis; Vitamin A|AD; Vitamin B Complex|AD; Zinc|AD

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY

ISSN

0002-9262

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section C

Record 10 from database: MEDLINE

Title

A randomized trial of the effects of atorvastatin and niacin in patients with combined hyperlipidemia or isolated hypertriglyceridemia. Collaborative Atorvastatin Study Group.

Author

McKenney JM; McCormick LS; Weiss S; Koren M; Kafonek S; Black DM

Address

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.

Source

Am J Med, 1998 Feb, 104:2, 137-43

Abstract

BACKGROUND: To assess the lipid-lowering effects and safety of atorvastatin and niacin in patients with combined hyperlipidemia or isolated hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS: We performed a randomized, open-label, parallel-design, active-controlled, study in eight centers in the United States. We enrolled 108 patients with total cholesterol (TC) of > or =200 mg/dL, serum triglycerides (TG) > or =200 and < or =800 mg/dL, and apolipoprotein B (apo B) > or =110 mg/dL. Patients were randomly assigned to receive atorvastatin 10 mg once daily (n=55) or immediate-release niacin 1 g three times daily for 12 weeks (n=53). Patients were stratified based on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): Patients with LDL-C > or =135 mg/dL were considered to have combined hyperlipidemia and patients with LDL-C <135 mg/dL were considered to have isolated hypertriglyceridemia. The primary outcome measure was percent change from baseline in LDL-C. Other lipid levels were evaluated as secondary parameters. RESULTS: Atorvastatin reduced LDL-C 30% and TC 26% from baseline, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 4%. Total TG were reduced 17%. Niacin reduced LDL-C 2%, TC 7%, increased HDL-C 25%, and reduced total TG 29% from baseline. There was a significant difference in LDL-C reduction, the primary efficacy parameter, between the two treatment groups (P <0.05, favoring atorvastatin), as well as a significant difference in the improvement in HDL-C (P <0.05, favoring niacin). The effect of atorvastatin was relatively consistent between patients with combined hyperlipidemia and isolated hypertriglyceridemia, whereas there was more variability between these strata in the niacin treatment group. Atorvastatin was better tolerated than niacin. CONCLUSION: Atorvastatin may allow patients with combined hyperlipidemia to be treated with monotherapy and offers an efficacious and well-tolerated alternative to niacin for the treatment of patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98187580

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|*TU; Heptanoic Acids|*TU; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors|*TU; Hyperlipidemia|BL/*DT; Hypertriglyceridemia|BL/*DT; Niacin|*TU; Pyrroles|*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Cholesterol|BL; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides|BL; United States

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; MULTICENTER STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0002-9343

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

. HealthGate Document

Section D

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

The effects of niacin on DNA repair after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment in normal human lymphocytes.

Author

Ogata S; Okumura K; Taguchi H

Address

Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan.

Source

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 1997 Dec, 61:12, 2116-8

Abstract

We have investigated the effects of niacin on NAD levels and on DNA repair in human lymphocytes. When lymphocytes were incubated in culture medium with various concentrations of niacin, incubation of lymphocytes with nicotinic acid at 5 microM or nicotinamide at 10 mM caused a 2-3 fold increase in NAD content. Under these conditions lymphocytes were treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Interestingly, the rejoining of DNA strand breaks was promoted by nicotinic acid but nicotinamide inhibited the rejoining.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98101979

MeSH Heading (Major)

Carcinogens|*TO; DNA Repair|*; Methylnitronitrosoguanidine|*TO; Niacin|*PD; Niacinamide|*PD; T-Lymphocytes|*DE/ME

MeSH Heading

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; DNA|DE; Human; NAD|AN; NAD+ ADP-Ribosyltransferase|GE/ME; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0916-8451

Country of Publication

JAPAN

Go To Top

Section D

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the Dysplasia Trial in Linxian, China.

Author

Dawsey SM; Wang GQ; Taylor PR; Li JY; Blot WJ; Li B; Lewin KJ; Liu FS; Weinstein WM; Wiggett S; et al

Address

National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

Source

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1994 Mar, 3:2, 167-72

Abstract

Linxian, China has some of the highest rates of esophageal/gastric cardia cancer in the world, and epidemiological evidence suggests that chronically low intake of micronutrients may contribute to these high cancer rates. To examine whether supplementation with multiple vitamins and minerals can affect the occurrence of esophageal/gastric cardia cancer in this population, a two-arm randomized nutrition intervention trial was conducted among 3318 Linxian residents with cytological evidence of esophageal dysplasia. During the 6-year intervention, esophageal/gastric cardia cancer mortality was 8% lower among those receiving the active supplements. After 30 and 72 months of intervention, endoscopic surveys were carried out to see if the nutritional supplements had affected the prevalence of clinically silent precancerous lesions and early invasive cancers of the esophagus and stomach. In the first survey, in 1987, 833 subjects were endoscoped; in the second survey, in 1991, 396 subjects were examined. The histological diagnoses from each survey were compared by treatment group. Cancer or dysplasia was diagnosed in 28% of the subjects endoscoped in 1987 and 24% of those examined in 1991. The odds ratio for subjects in the treatment group (versus those in the placebo group) having esophageal or gastric dysplasia or cancer was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-1.15) in 1987 and 0.86 (0.54-1.38) in 1991. Although modest protective effects on worst overall diagnosis were seen in the supplemented group in both surveys, none of the results was statistically significant, and the findings must be considered inconclusive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94325820

MeSH Heading (Major)

Adenocarcinoma|MO/PA/*PC; Cross-Cultural Comparison|*; Esophageal Neoplasms|MO/PA/*PC; Minerals|*AD; Precancerous Conditions|MO/PA/*PC; Stomach Neoplasms|MO/PA/*PC; Vitamins|*AD

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid|AD; Carotene|AD; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic|DE/PA; Comparative Study; Double-Blind Method; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Esophagus|PA; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastric Mucosa|PA; Human; Male; Middle Age; Molybdenum|AD; Niacin|AD; Riboflavin|AD; Rural Population; Selenium|AD; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Survival Rate; Vitamin A|AD; Vitamin E|AD; Zinc|AD

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

1055-9965

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section D

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin decreases removal of high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I but not cholesterol ester by Hep G2 cells. Implication for reverse cholesterol transport.

Author

Jin FY; Kamanna VS; Kashyap ML

Address

Cholesterol Center and Gerontology Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.

Source

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997 Oct, 17:10, 2020-8

Abstract

Niacin (nicotinic acid) is the most potent clinically used agent for increasing plasma HDL and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. The mechanism by which niacin increases apoA-I is not clearly understood. We have examined the effect of niacin on the hepatic production and removal of apoA-I using Hep G2 cells as an in vitro model. Incubation of Hep G2 cells with niacin resulted in increased accumulation of apoA-I in the medium in a dose-dependent manner. Incorporation of [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine into apoA-I and apoA-I mRNA expression was unchanged by niacin, suggesting that it did not affect apoA-I de novo synthesis. Uptake of radiolabeled HDL protein and HDL apoA-I by Hep G2 cells was significantly reduced to as much as 82.9 +/- 2.2% (P = .04) and 84.2 +/- 2.8% (P = .02), respectively, of the baseline with increasing concentrations of niacin (0 to 3.0 mmol/L). Specific 125I-HDL protein uptake measured with a 50-fold excess of unlabeled HDL was reduced to as much as 78.3 +/- 4.8% (P = .005) in niacin-treated cells. The uptake of labeled cholesterol esters in HDL was unaffected by niacin. Niacin also effected a similar decrease in HDL protein uptake, but not cholesterol esters, from apoA-I-containing HDL particles isolated by immunoaffinity. The conditioned medium obtained from Hep G2 cells incubated with niacin significantly (P = .002) increased cholesterol efflux from cultured human fibroblasts. These data indicate a novel mechanism whereby niacin selectively decreases hepatic removal of HDL apoA-I but not cholesterol esters, thereby increasing the capacity of retained apoA-I to augment reverse cholesterol transport.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98012720

MeSH Heading (Major)

Apolipoprotein A-I|*ME; Cholesterol|*ME; Cholesterol Esters|*ME; Lipoproteins, HDL|*ME; Niacin|*PD

MeSH Heading

Biological Transport; Cells, Cultured; Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

1079-5642

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section D

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Cholesterol management in patients with heart disease. Emphasizing secondary prevention to increase longevity.

Author

Grundy SM

Address

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9052, USA.

Source

Postgrad Med, 1997 Aug, 102:2, 81-4, 87-90

Abstract

Advances in treatment of elevated cholesterol levels and recent documentation of efficacy and safety in clinical trials justify expanded use of cholesterol-lowering therapy in clinical practice. Patients with CHD or other forms of clinical atherosclerotic disease can benefit from aggressive cholesterol management. Maximal dietary modification, weight control, and physical activity are valuable adjuncts to drug therapy in secondary prevention. Recent studies have shown that appropriate use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is cost-effective and efficacious in patients with CHD. Use of such drugs can increase patients' life expectancy. Primary care physicians have a key role in instituting intensive cholesterol management in patients with clinically manifest atherosclerotic disease. Furthermore, they should take the lead in coordinating with cardiovascular specialists to manage cholesterol levels in patients who have had a recent acute coronary syndrome or undergone a revascularization procedure.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97416752

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|*TU; Coronary Disease|BL/CO/*PC; Hypercholesterolemia|CO/DH/*DT

MeSH Heading

Human; Longevity; Lovastatin|AA/TU; Niacin|TU; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0032-5481

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section D

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Choosing the right lipid-regulating agent. A guide to selection.

Author

Farmer JA; Gotto AM Jr

Address

Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Source

Drugs, 1996 Nov, 52:5, 649-61

Abstract

If dietary therapy and other lifestyle changes do not adequately normalise blood lipid levels, lipid-regulating drugs, as single-drug or combination-drug therapy, may be prescribed to supplement lifestyle changes. Evaluation of the individual patient's health and risk status, determination of the dyslipidaemia, definition of treatment goals and a clear understanding of the mechanisms and effects of lipid-regulating agents are necessary for optimisation of treatment. Although all the available lipid-regulating agents lower low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the agents with the greatest LDL cholesterol-lowering effect are the bile acid sequestrants, which up-regulate the LDL receptor by the decrease in intrahepatic cholesterol caused by the interruption of enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol-rich bile acids, and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which partially inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. The agents with the greatest triglyceride-lowering effect are nicotinic acid, which decreases the production of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and reduces the availability of free fatty acids in the circulation, and the fibric acid derivatives, which increase lipoprotein lipase activity and may also decrease the release of free fatty acids. Although the safety profile of the available lipid-regulating drugs has been established, patients should be monitored for potential adverse effects and interactions with concomitantly administered agents. When used correctly, lipid-regulating drug therapy is highly effective in the treatment of a variety of dyslipidaemias.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97081299

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|*TU

MeSH Heading

Anticholesteremic Agents|TU; Cholestyramine|TU; Clofibrate|TU; Colestipol|TU; Gemfibrozil|TU; Human; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors|TU; Hypercholesterolemia|DT; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|DT; Hyperlipidemia|DT; Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol|BL; Niacin|TU; Procetofen|TU; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0012-6667

Country of Publication

NEW ZEALAND

Go To Top

Section D

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) in treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. A practical approach for the primary care physician.

Author

Bays H; Lansing AM

Address

Lipid Center, Audubon Hospital, Louisville, KY.

Source

J Ky Med Assoc, 1994 Mar, 92:3, 105-8

Abstract

Omega-3 fatty acids, found commercially in fish oil concentrate, may be a useful and safe treatment in lowering elevated triglyceride blood levels. A case is presented of a severely hypertriglyceridemic patient with an idiopathic adverse reaction to gemfibrozil and clofibrate who demonstrated a significant response with fish oil therapy. The benefits and risks of fish oil treatment are discussed.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94308698

MeSH Heading (Major)

Fatty Acids, Omega-3|*AD; Hypertriglyceridemia|BL/*TH

MeSH Heading

Aged; Case Report; Clofibrate|AD; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gemfibrozil|AD; Human; Lipids|BL; Lovastatin|AD; Niacin|AD; Primary Health Care

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0023-0294

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section D

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Telephone contacts do not improve adherence to niacin or bile acid sequestrant therapy.

Author

Schectman G; Hiatt J; Hartz A

Address

Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226.

Source

Ann Pharmacother, 1994 Jan, 28:1, 29-35

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Noxious adverse effects frequently limit patient acceptance of niacin and bile acid sequestrants (BAS), first-line agents in the management of hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether telephone contacts from a healthcare professional could improve drug adherence and tolerance in patients prescribed these medications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, single-blind trial of telephone contacts vs. no intervention in patients with hyperlipidemia who were prescribed either niacin or BAS in a large, Veterans Affairs, lipid clinic. Patients randomized to telephone contact (n = 81) received weekly calls from a trained healthcare professional during the first month of drug therapy. Counseling regarding adverse effects, and prescriptions to overcome minor adverse effects, were provided as needed to patients during the telephone contact. RESULTS: Significant differences were not observed between groups in the drug discontinuance rate, adherence assessed by two independent methods, or in the final dosage of medication ingested. CONCLUSIONS: Telephone contacts do not improve either adherence or tolerance to niacin or BAS. Alternative approaches to enhance acceptance of these medications requires further evaluation.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94169490

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|*TU; Hypercholesterolemia|*DT; Niacin|*TU; Patient Compliance|*; Reminder Systems|*

MeSH Heading

Allied Health Personnel; Female; Hospitals, Veterans; Human; Male; Middle Age; Single-Blind Method; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Telephone; Wisconsin

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

1060-0280

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section D

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin-induced hepatotoxicity: unusual presentations.

Author

Coppola A; Brady PG; Nord HJ

Address

Department of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa.

Source

South Med J, 1994 Jan, 87:1, 30-2

Abstract

We report four cases of niacin-induced hepatotoxicity. All four patients were using sustained-release niacin preparations. When they stopped taking niacin, symptoms and laboratory abnormalities resolved. Two of the patients had focal fatty infiltration of the liver on imaging studies, a presentation of niacin hepatotoxicity not previously described. One patient had a coagulopathy even though aminotransferase levels were only mildly elevated. We recommend that patients using sustained-release preparations of niacin have periodic monitoring of liver enzymes and that the preparation be discontinued if any abnormalities develop.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94112592

MeSH Heading (Major)

Liver Diseases|*CI; Niacin|*AE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Case Report; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0038-4348

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

HealthGate Document

Section E

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Evaluating the role of niacin in human carcinogenesis.

Author

Jacobson EL; Dame AJ; Pyrek JS; Jacobson MK

Address

Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0093, USA.

Source

Biochimie, 1995, 77:5, 394-8

Abstract

Our understanding of the role of ADP-ribose polymer metabolism in limiting carcinogenic events and the dependence of this metabolism on cellular NAD levels predicts that niacin deficiency leading to reduced NAD levels may enhance carcinogenesis. This prediction has led us to initiate studies to evaluate the potential of niacin as a preventive factor in human cancer. The first approach involves development of a method to assess biochemically niacin status in humans using intracellular NAD derived from whole blood, primarily erythrocytes, as the relevant marker of niacin status. We have shown that erythrocyte NAD content varies by as much as 12-fold within a population and can be modulated readily by supplementation. A second approach to testing this hypothesis involves understanding the relationship of dietary niacin, circulating levels of NAD precursors (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) and NAD in target tissues for human cancer. Current analytical methods for quantification of plasma levels of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide following intake in the dietary range are not sufficient. Thus, we have developed a GC-MS method for the rapid, sensitive, and selective determination of both nicotinamide and nicotinic acid in plasma. These methods will now allow assessment of niacin metabolism in humans that could lead to a new understanding of niacin in prevention of cancer.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96051183

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticarcinogenic Agents|ME/*TU; Niacin|*ME/*TU; NAD|*ME; Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose|*ME

MeSH Heading

Diet; Erythrocytes|ME; Human; Niacinamide|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tryptophan|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0300-9084

Country of Publication

FRANCE

Go To Top

Section E

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Trials of the effects of drugs and hormones on lipids and lipoproteins.

Author

Mann WA; Windler E; Beil FU; Greten H

Address

Medizinische Kernklinik und Poliklinik, UniversitÂats-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Source

Curr Opin Lipidol, 1995 Dec, 6:6, 354-9

Abstract

Recent trials on the efficacy of drugs and hormones in lowering cholesterol and correcting lipoprotein profiles are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the risk-benefit ratio, which determines the clinical value of therapeutic regimens. Whereas 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors have set a standard for treatment of hyperlipidaemia, the role of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women in the prevention of coronary artery disease has more recently become better defined.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96356350

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antilipemic Agents|*TU; Hormones|PD/*TU; Hyperlipidemia|*DT/ME; Lipids|*BL; Lipoproteins|*BL

MeSH Heading

Clinical Trials; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Female; Human; Niacin|TU; Probucol|TU; Somatropin|TU; Thyroid Hormones|TU

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0957-9672

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section E

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

The niacin challenge test: clinical manifestation of altered transmembrane signal transduction in schizophrenia?

Author

Hudson CJ; Lin A; Cogan S; Cashman F; Warsh JJ

Address

Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Source

Biol Psychiatry, 1997 Mar, 41:5, 507-13

Abstract

Several lines of evidence implicate altered phospholipid-dependent signal transduction (PDST) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Niacin induces vasodilation through mechanisms requiring intact PDST. Thus, an altered response to a challenge dose of niacin may reflect disturbances in these signalling processes in this disorder. In the present study, niacin-induced vasodilation was estimated quantitatively in schizophrenic and comparison bipolar affective disorder and healthy subjects using thermocouple sensors to measure the change in skin temperature relative to core body and ambient room temperature. Twelve (42.9%) of 28 schizophrenic subjects did not vasodilate in response to a 200-mg niacin challenge dose, whereas only 1 of 18 (6%) bipolar disorder subjects and none of 28 controls showed impaired response (Fisher's Exact Test, p < .0001). These findings support the notion that the schizophrenic syndromes are biochemically heterogeneous and suggest the existence of a subgroup of schizophrenic subjects in whom phospholipid-dependent signalling responses may be impaired.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97199007

MeSH Heading (Major)

Niacin|*DU; Schizophrenia|CL/DI/*PP; Signal Transduction|*PH; Synaptic Membranes|*PH

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder|CL/DI/PP; Female; Human; Male; Membrane Potentials|PH; Middle Age; Phospholipids|PH; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Skin Temperature|PH; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0006-3223

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section E

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

In-vitro permeability of the human nail and of a keratin membrane from bovine hooves: influence of the partition coefficient octanol/water and the water solubility of drugs on their permeability and maximum flux.

Author

Mertin D; Lippold BC

Address

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University, DÂusseldorf, Germany.

Source

J Pharm Pharmacol, 1997 Jan, 49:1, 30-4

Abstract

Penetration of homologous nicotinic acid esters through the human nail and a keratin membrane from bovine hooves was investigated by modified Franz diffusion cells in-vitro to study the transport mechanism. The partition coefficient octanol/water PCOct/W of the esters was over the range 7 to > 51,000. The permeability coefficient P of the nail plate as well as the hoof membrane did not increase with increasing partition coefficient or lipophilicity of the penetrating substance. This indicates that both barriers behave like hydrophilic gel membranes rather than lipophilic partition membranes as in the case of the stratum corneum. Penetration studies with the model compounds paracetamol and phenacetin showed that the maximum flux was first a function of the drug solubility in water or in the swollen keratin matrix. Dissociation hindered the diffusion of benzoic acid and pyridine through the hoof membrane. Since keratin, a protein with an isoelectric point of about 5, is also charged, this reduction can be attributed to an exclusion of the dissociating substance due to the Donnan equilibrium. Nevertheless, the simultaneous enhancement of the water solubility makes a distinct increase of the maximum flux possible. In order to screen drugs for potential topical application to the nail plate, attention has to be paid mainly to the water solubility of the compound. The bovine hoof membrane may serve as an appropriate model for the nail.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97176173

MeSH Heading (Major)

Keratin|*ME; Nails|*ME

MeSH Heading

Adult; Animal; Benzoates|PK; Cattle; Female; Human; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Middle Age; Niacin|PK; Permeability; Pyridines|PK; Solubility

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-3573

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Go To Top

Section E

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Safety limits for nutrients.

Author

Hathcock JN

Address

Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, D.C 20036-1609, USA.

Source

J Nutr, 1996 Sep, 126:9 Suppl, 2386S-2389S

Abstract

The occurrence of adverse health effects from ingestion of any substance depends on its inherent toxic potential, the amount of intake, and the biological characteristics of the exposed individual. A safe intake is one that provides an acceptable margin of safety below the intake that carries risk of adverse effects. If appropriate data are available, applying fixed safety factors, systematically varying safety factors or using other methods to identify reasonable limits for safe intakes. A crucial factor in understanding the margin of safety that a particular intake is likely to provide is the adequacy of the data to estimate the likely frequency of the adverse response among persons with that intake. For a few nutrients there are sufficient numbers of reports of adverse effects over a sufficiently wide range of exposures to allow estimation of lowest adverse effect levels; for other nutrients the reports of adverse effects are too infrequent or inconsistent to support estimations that are meaningful.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96407785

MeSH Heading (Major)

Minerals|*; Nutritional Requirements|*; Trace Elements|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Animal; Chromium|AE; Human; Infant; Niacin|AE; Safety; Selenium|AE; Zinc|AE

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-3166

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section E

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibition prevents necrosis induced by H2O2 but not apoptosis.

Author

Watson AJ; Askew JN; Benson RS

Address

Department of Medicine, Hope Hospital, University of Manchester, Salford, England.

Source

Gastroenterology, 1995 Aug, 109:2, 472-82

Abstract

BACKGROUND & AIMS: H2O2 causes DNA damage, which activates poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme that uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a substrate. When DNA strand breaks are extensive, consumption of NAD by PARP can cause adenosine triphosphate depletion. The aim was to study the effect of PARP inhibition on H2O2-induced cell injury in the intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29-18-C1. METHODS: Cell injury was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test and flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: The PARP inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide both prevented cell death immediately after exposure to 1 mmol/L H2O2 and loss of cellular NAD and adenosine triphosphate. The inactive structural analogues 3-aminobenzoic acid and nicotinic acid had no such protective effect. H2O2 also caused HT-29 cells to detach from the monolayer up to 24 hours after exposure and die by apoptosis in the incubating medium. Flow cytometric analysis showed that 3-aminobenzamide had no effect on this delayed detachment process. CONCLUSIONS: H2O2 induces two distinct death pathways in HT-29 cells: one that is immediate and may represent necrosis and another that is delayed, causing cell detachment leading to apoptosis. PARP inhibition prevents necrosis but has no effect on delayed cell detachment leading to apoptosis.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95340103

MeSH Heading (Major)

Apoptosis|*DE; Benzamides|*PD; Intestinal Mucosa|*PA; Necrosis|CI/*PC; Niacinamide|*PD; NAD+ ADP-Ribosyltransferase|*AI

MeSH Heading

Aminobenzoic Acids|PD; Cell Count|DE; Cell Line; DNA Repair|DE; Human; Hydrogen Peroxide; Niacin|PD; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0016-5085

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section E

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Review article: anti-diarrhoeal pharmacology and therapeutics.

Author

Schiller LR

Address

Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.

Source

Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 1995 Apr, 9:2, 87-106

Abstract

Anti-diarrhoeal drugs reduce the symptoms of diarrhoea (loose stool consistency, frequency of defecation and excessive stool weight) by effects on intestinal transit, mucosal transport or luminal contents. Opiates and opioids are the most useful antidiarrhoeal agents. Opiates have major effects on intestinal transit; pro-absorptive and anti-secretory effects are less well documented, but may be important for some of these drugs. Alpha-adrenergic agonists, somatostatin analogues and several other agents have had limited clinical use; these drugs may modify mucosal transport in addition to slowing transit. Adsorbents, bismuth and stool texture modifiers are used frequently by the public, but their efficacy is largely unproven. Oral rehydration solutions have had the greatest impact in saving lives and continue to be improved. Many new approaches to the treatment of diarrhoea are yet to be exploited.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95329561

MeSH Heading (Major)

Antidiarrheals|*PD/*TU; Diarrhea|*DT

MeSH Heading

Adrenal Cortex Hormones|PD; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists|PD; Animal; Berberine|PD; Biological Transport|DE; Bismuth|PD; Chloride Channels|AI; Codeine|PD; Fluid Therapy; Gastrointestinal Motility|DE; Human; Lithium|PD; Morphine|PD; Narcotics|PD; Niacin|PD; Somatostatin|AA/PD

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC

ISSN

0269-2813

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Go To Top

Section E

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins.

Author

Rose RC

Address

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Finch University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.

Source

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1996 Jul, 212:3, 191-8

Abstract

Vitamin utility is a scientific/medical topic that appears to be pursued as ardently by the lay public as by scientists and medical practitioners. A group of epidemiologists evaluates the effects on health of vitamin intake in the natural diet and by supplementation. The role in ocular disease, cancer of the breast or colon, and cardiovascular disease are a few of the concerns. The results and recommendations concerning dietary vitamin intake will likely continue to change. However, the processes by which dietary vitamins are delivered from intestinal chyme to the blood are more certain. The concept of homeostasis might apply to various of the vitamins as it does to minerals, water, etc. This review will discuss some common methods used to study vitamin absorption and the proposed mechanisms of absorption, and will conclude with a section about dietary regulation.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96268346

MeSH Heading (Major)

Intestinal Absorption|*; Vitamins|*ME/TU

MeSH Heading

Animal; Ascorbic Acid|ME; Biotin|ME; Food, Fortified; Human; Jejunum|ME; Niacin|ME; Pantothenic Acid|ME; Riboflavin|ME; Solubility; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0037-9727

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section E

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Adverse ocular effects associated with niacin therapy.

Author

Fraunfelder FW; Fraunfelder FT; Illingworth DR

Address

Oregon Health Sciences University, Department of Ophthalmology, Portland 97201.

Source

Br J Ophthalmol, 1995 Jan, 79:1, 54-6

Abstract

In a retrospective survey of patients taking medication for hyperlipidaemia, those taking niacin (nicotinic acid) were more likely (p < 0.05) to report sicca syndromes, blurred vision, eyelid oedema, and macular oedema compared with those who never took niacin. Additionally, 7% of those taking niacin discontinued the drug owing to adverse ocular side effects, while none of the other lipid lowering agents were found to cause these side effects (p = 0.016). Data from spontaneous reporting systems support a possible association of decreased vision, cystoid macular oedema, sicca-like symptoms, discoloration of the eyelids with or without periorbital or eyelid oedema, proptosis, loss of eyebrow or eyelashes, and superficial punctate keratitis with the use of niacin in high doses. Decreased vision may be marked, and if the drug is not discontinued, may progress to cystoid macular oedema. All ocular side effects listed above are reversible if the association with niacin is recognised and the drug is discontinued; both the incidence and severity of the ocular side effects seem to be dose dependent.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95186453

MeSH Heading (Major)

Eye Diseases|*CI; Niacin|*AE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Edema|CI; Eyelid Diseases|CI; Female; Human; Hyperlipidemia|DT; Macular Edema, Cystoid|CI; Male; Middle Age; Retrospective Studies; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vision Disorders|CI; Xerophthalmia|CI

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0007-1161

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Go To Top

HealthGate Document

Section F

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Impact of nicotinic acid treatment on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in low and high insulin responders.

Author

Alvarsson M; Grill V

Address

Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Source

Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1996 Oct, 56:6, 563-70

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of nicotinic acid (NA) on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and sensitivity in relation to perturbations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and previously characterized insulin responses. Healthy subjects (n = 12) were treated for 14 days with incremental doses of NA reaching 2 g day-1. Before NA and on day 14 a hyperglycaemic clamp (11 mmol l-1) was performed with arginine (5 g i.v.) stimulation before and during the clamp. Fasting serum levels of NEFA were evanescently decreased on day 3 (-38%; p < 0.01) and day 7 (-33%; p < 0.05), but not on day 14 (-14%; NS). NA treatment did not significantly affect levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin or glucagon. NA treatment lowered the amount of infused glucose necessary to achieve clamp levels 48 (8) vs. 61 (10) mumol kg-1 min-1 (p < 0.01). Incremental increases in fasting NEFA levels correlated (r = -0.72) with decreased insulin sensitivity as reflected by M/I ratios (the amount of glucose infused, minus glucosuria, divided by the mean insulin level) (p < 0.01). Insulin and glucagon responses to arginine and glucose were similar before and after NA in subgroups with initially low and high insulin responses to glucose. NA-induced insulin resistance in this study is (a) less than previously reported; (b) not associated with changes in insulin secretory responsiveness, but is (c) influenced by an individually variable NA effect on fasting NEFA levels. Our results do not indicate that NA treatment can be used to test the capacity of B cells to cope with insulin resistance.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97058905

MeSH Heading (Major)

Insulin|*AG/*SE; Insulin Antagonists|*AN; Insulin Resistance|*PH; Niacin|*PD

MeSH Heading

Adult; Blood Glucose|AN; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified|BL; Female; Glucagon|BL; Human; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0036-5513

Country of Publication

NORWAY

Go To Top

Section F

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Antagonic-stress. A new treatment in gerontopsychiatry and for a healthy productive life.

Author

Predescu V; Riga D; Riga S; Turlea J; Barbat IM; Botezat Antonescu L

Address

First Department of Psychiatry, Gh. Marinescu Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

Source

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1994 Jun, 717:, 315-31

Abstract

A complex antiaging formula--Antagonic-Stress--was investigated vs. placebo (PL), meclofenoxate (MF)--neurometabolic nootropic and vs. nicergoline (NE)--cerebral vasodilator by comparative multiple trials (double-blind, randomized, and parallel) in gerontopsychiatry (DSM-III-R, 1987 and ICD-10, 1992 criteria). AS vs. PL studies in organic mental disorders--amnestic, depressive, anxiety, associated with axis III physical disorders or conditions, and in multiinfarct dementia were followed by AS vs. MF or NE investigations in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. A total of 343 old people, distributed in 4 PL groups, 1 MF group, 1 NE group, and 5 AS groups were studied. Multiple investigations, before and after three-month treatments were made: psychometric evaluation by Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric, Self-Assessment Scale-Geriatric and their 5 subscales; psychopathological rating by Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales; as well as psychometric testing by digit symbol of WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Except PL, prolonged and large dose treatments with these cerebral activators (MF, NE and especially AS) reduced the psychogeriatric-psychopathological scores and the deterioration index, and improved cognitive performance. The therapeutical effectiveness of AS multiple formula in gerontopsychiatry and its superiority vs. monotherapy (MF or NE) are discussed in connection with its complex neurometabolic and synergetic composition, multiple antioxidative combinations, free radical scavengers, lipofuscinolytic agents, the antiischemic action of antioxidants, multivitamin and multimineral supplementation, and with the better efficacy of multitherapy vs. monotherapy in geriatrics.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94303900

MeSH Heading (Major)

Aging|*DE; Meclofenoxate|*PD; Niacin|*PD; Orotic Acid|*PD; Psychotropic Drugs|*PD

MeSH Heading

Aged; Cognition Disorders|DT; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Human; Male; Mental Disorders|DT; Psychopharmacology

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0077-8923

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section F

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Water-soluble vitamins in cancer patients on parenteral nutrition: a prospective study.

Author

Inculet RI; Norton JA; Nichoalds GE; Maher MM; White DE; Brennan MF

Address

 

Source

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1987 May-Jun, 11:3, 243-9

Abstract

Forty-three patients with mild weight loss were studied prospectively to determine whether the parenteral water-soluble vitamin doses in a commercially available preparation (MVI concentrate; USV Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY) maintained serum, red blood cell (RBC), and urinary concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in stressed cancer patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Patients were divided into three groups: (1) oral diet, no intravenous vitamins given; (2) TPN plus 5 ml MVI; and (3) TPN plus 10 ml MVI. Vitamins C, B1, B2, B3, B6, and niacin were measured initially and weekly during a 6-week study period. Caloric and nitrogen balances were quantified. Most of the patients in all three groups had normal blood or urine levels of all water-soluble vitamins. No clinical evidence of vitamin deficiency or MVI toxicity was detected. The recommended parenteral dosages of vitamin C (100 mg/day) and B3 (15 mg/day) provided measurably adequate levels in all patients. Levels of vitamins B1, B2, B6, and niacin that were less than the normal range were noted in 4-40% of patients receiving the recommended daily dosages of 3 mg, 3.6 mg, 4 mg, and 40 mg, respectively. These deficiencies appeared to improve in group III patients who received twice the recommended parenteral vitamin dosages, although they did not completely disappear. Niacin deficiency appeared to be the most prevalent, occurring in 40% of patients studied. Since intravenous doses of B1, B2, B6, and niacin are safe and well tolerated, it appears that increased daily amounts of these vitamins should be given to cancer patients on parenteral nutrition.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

87254687

MeSH Heading (Major)

Neoplasms|ME/*TH; Parenteral Nutrition, Total|*; Vitamins|*AN

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Ascorbic Acid|AN; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Niacin|AN; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid|AN; Prospective Studies; Pyridoxine|AN; Riboflavin|AN; Thiamine|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0148-6071

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Vitamins); 50-81-7 (Ascorbic Acid); 59-43-8 (Thiamine); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 65-23-6 (Pyridoxine); 79-83-4 (Pantothenic Acid); 83-88-5 (Riboflavin)

Section F

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Bioavailability of niacin from processed groundnuts.

Author

Chaturvedi A; Geervani P

Address

 

Source

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1986 Jun, 32:3, 327-34

Abstract

Groundnuts are fairly rich in niacin. Bioavailability of niacin from roasted and boiled groundnuts was assessed in adult human subjects. A local variety commonly cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, India was used in the study. Six women in the age range of 23-25 years were selected for the study. The linear dose response technique was used to assess the availability. Excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide in urine was used as an index of assessment. The results revealed that 87.0 to 91.7% of niacin was available from roasted and boiled groundnuts, respectively.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

87011007

MeSH Heading (Major)

Niacin|*ME; Nuts|*ME

MeSH Heading

Adult; Biological Availability; Comparative Study; Female; Food Handling|MT; Human; Niacinamide|AA/UR; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0301-4800

Country of Publication

JAPAN

CAS Registry/EC Number

114-33-0 (N-methylnicotinamide); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 98-92-0 (Niacinamide)

Go To Top

HealthGate Document

Section G

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

One-year reduction and longitudinal analysis of carotid intima-media thickness associated with colestipol/niacin therapy.

Author

Mack WJ; Selzer RH; Hodis HN; Erickson JK; Liu CR; Liu CH; Crawford DW; Blankenhorn DH

Address

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033.

Source

Stroke, 1993 Dec, 24:12, 1779-83

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study has reported significant reduction of coronary artery disease and of carotid arterial intima-media thickness (IMT) at 2 and 4 years with colestipol/niacin therapy. We now report on treatment effects on carotid IMT at 6 months and 1 year. METHODS: One hundred eighty-eight nonsmoking men, aged 40 to 59 years, with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to colestipol/niacin plus diet therapy or placebo plus diet therapy. Computerized image processing of carotid ultrasound films was used to measure IMT in the right common carotid artery. Treatment group comparisons were made at 6 months and 1 year (46 and 33 subjects, respectively, with baseline and 6-month or 1-year ultrasound measures). The time course of the treatment effect on carotid IMT was estimated using the complete sample of 78 subjects with baseline and on-trial data. RESULTS: No significant treatment group differences on carotid IMT were found at 6 months. At 1 year, the treated group showed significant reduction of carotid IMT (P = .01 between groups). The placebo group showed continuing progression of IMT during the 4-year study period (estimated progression rate, 0.018 mm/y). The treated group showed reduction of IMT during the first 3 years and a plateau during the remainder of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of carotid IMT was found with aggressive lipid-lowering therapy. Ultrasound measures of IMT offer a noninvasive and precise measure of early carotid atherosclerosis that will decrease sample size requirements, potentially decrease dropout rates, and widen the study population of antiatherosclerotic clinical trials.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94069550

MeSH Heading (Major)

Atherosclerosis|PA/*PC; Carotid Arteries|*PA; Colestipol|*TU; Niacin|*TU; Tunica Intima|*PA; Tunica Media|*PA

MeSH Heading

Adult; Human; Lipids|BL; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Age; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0039-2499

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Lipids); 50925-79-6 (Colestipol); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Release of markedly increased quantities of prostaglandin D2 in vivo in humans following the administration of nicotinic acid.

Author

Morrow JD; Parsons WG 3d; Roberts LJ 2d

Address

Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.

Source

Prostaglandins, 1989 Aug, 38:2, 263-74

Abstract

Nicotinic acid (niacin) is a B vitamin which is also a potent hypolipidemic agent. However, intense flushing occurs following ingestion of pharmacologic doses of niacin which greatly limits its usefulness in treating hyperlipidemias. Previous studies have demonstrated that niacin-induced flushing can be substantially attenuated by pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors, suggesting that the vasodilation is mediated by a prostaglandin. However, the prostaglandin that presumably mediates the flush has not been conclusively determined. In this study we report the finding that ingestion of niacin evokes the release of markedly increased quantities of PGD2 in vivo in humans. PGD2 release was assessed by quantification of the PGD2 metabolite, 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2, in plasma by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Following ingestion of 500 mg of niacin in three normal volunteers, intense flushing occurred and plasma levels of 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 were found to increase dramatically by 800, 430, and 535-fold. Levels of 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 reached a maximum between 12 and 45 min. after ingesting niacin and subsequently declined to near normal levels by 2-4 hours. Levels of 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 in plasma correlated with the intensity and duration of flushing that occurred in the 3 volunteers. Release of PGD2 was not accompanied by a release of histamine which was assessed by quantification of plasma levels of the histamine metabolite, N tau-methylhistamine. This suggests that the origin of the PGD2 release is not the mast cell. Only a modest increase (approximately 2-fold) in the urinary excretion of the prostacyclin metabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha, occurred following ingestion of niacin and no increase in the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 was found. These results indicate that the major vasodilatory PG released following ingestion of niacin is PGD2. The fact that markedly increased quantities of PGD2 are released suggests that PGD2 is the mediator of niacin-induced vasodilation in humans.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

89367978

MeSH Heading (Major)

Niacin|*PD; Prostaglandin D2|BL/*ME

MeSH Heading

Adult; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Dinoprost|BL; Dinoprostone|ME/UR; Epoprostenol|ME; Flushing|CI; Histamine|ME; Histamine Release; Human; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0090-6980

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

35121-78-9 (Epoprostenol); 363-24-6 (Dinoprostone); 41598-07-6 (Prostaglandin D2); 51-45-6 (Histamine); 551-11-1 (Dinoprost); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin deficiency and cancer in women.

Author

Jacobson EL

Address

Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0080.

Source

J Am Coll Nutr, 1993 Aug, 12:4, 412-6

Abstract

A new interest in the relationship between niacin and cancer has evolved from the discovery that the principal form of this vitamin, NAD, is consumed as a substrate in ADP-ribose transfer reactions. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, an enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks, is the ADP-ribosyltransferase of greatest interest with regard to effects on the niacin status of cells since its Km for NAD is high, and its activity can deplete NAD. Studies of the consequences of DNA damage in cultured mouse and human cells as a function of niacin status have supported the hypothesis that niacin may be a protective factor that limits carcinogenic events. To test this hypothesis in humans, we used a biochemical method based on the observation that as niacin nutriture decreases, NAD readily declines and NADP remains relatively constant. This has been demonstrated in both fibroblasts and in whole blood from humans. Thus, we use "niacin number," (NAD/NAD+NADP) x 100% from whole blood, as a measure of niacin status. Healthy control subjects showed a mean niacin number of 62.8 +/- 3.0 compared to 64.0 for individuals on a niacin-controlled diet. Analyses of women in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study showed a mean niacin number of 60.4 with a range of 44 to 75. The distribution of niacin status in this population was nongaussian, with an unpredictably large number of individuals having low values.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94014001

MeSH Heading (Major)

Diet|*; Neoplasms|*ET; Niacin|*DF; Women's Health|*

MeSH Heading

Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Male; Middle Age; Nutritional Status; NAD|BL; NADP|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0731-5724

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

53-59-8 (NADP); 53-84-9 (NAD); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

An outbreak of pellagra related to changes in dietary niacin among Mozambican refugees in Malawi.

Author

Malfait P; Moren A; Dillon JC; Brodel A; Begkoyian G; Etchegorry MG; Malenga G; Hakewill P

Address

Institut National d'Agronomie, Paris, France.

Source

Int J Epidemiol, 1993 Jun, 22:3, 504-11

Abstract

Between February and October 1990, 18,276 cases of pellagra dermatitis (due to niacin deficiency) were reported among 285,942 Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Overall, 6.3% of the refugee population developed pellagra and the attack rate was 7.8 times higher among women than men. This outbreak followed a 5-month cessation of groundnut distribution (the major source of niacin) to refugees. A matched-pair case-control study confirmed the protective role of the daily consumption of groundnuts (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.08), as well as the independent role of garden ownership (OR = 0.34), and home maize milling (OR = 0.3). Recommended corrective action included early case finding and treatment, distribution of niacin tablets, prompt identification of groundnut supply on the world market, fortification with niacin of the food ration and diversification of the food basket through access to local markets.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

93366511

MeSH Heading (Major)

Diet|*AE; Disease Outbreaks|*; Niacin|*DF; Pellagra|*EP/*ET; Refugees|*

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study; Female; Human; Malawi|EP; Male; Mozambique|EH

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0300-5771

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Combination drug therapy for hypercholesterolemia. The trade-off between cost and simplicity.

Author

Heudebert GR; Van Ruiswyk J; Hiatt J; Schectman G

Address

Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee.

Source

Arch Intern Med, 1993 Aug 9, 153:15, 1828-37

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends achievement of a defined target level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They endorse the use of niacin and/or sequestrants as the first line of therapy to achieve such target LDL-C level. This recommendation has not been compared with the use of lovastatin as initial therapy if multidrug regimens are required to achieve goal LDL-C. METHODS: Prospectively collected data on tolerance and effectiveness for niacin, sequestrants, and lovastatin were obtained from a lipid clinic at a large midwestern Veterans Affairs medical center. We used a decision tree to compare the complexity and cost of three sequential drug algorithms used for the following initial LDL-C levels: 4.14, 4.91, 5.69, and 6.47 mmol/L (160, 190, 220, and 250 mg/dL). Algorithm 1 was niacin followed by a sequestrant and then lovastatin; algorithm 2, a sequestrant followed by niacin and then lovastatin; and algorithm 3, lovastatin followed by niacin and a sequestrant. Drug and laboratory costs were obtained from the pharmacy and pathology services at the same institution. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the tolerance and effectiveness of each drug as well as drug and laboratory cost estimates. RESULTS: The probability of achieving target LDL-C level (3.36 mmol/L [130 mg/dL]) decreased as initial LDL-C level increased. As a rule, algorithm 3 required fewer drugs in combination to achieve the target level for all initial LDL-C levels modeled. In addition, the use of lovastatin was high across all algorithms at all initial LDL-C levels modeled. Algorithm 1 was less expensive than algorithm 2 or 3 at a low initial LDL-C level (4.14 mmol/L [160 mg/dL]), with an average cost of $375 vs $454 vs $585, respectively. At all other initial LDL-C levels (4.91, 5.69, and 6.47 mmol/L [190, 220, and 250 mg/dL]), algorithm 2 was slightly less expensive than algorithm 1. Algorithm 3 became relatively less expensive as initial LDL-C level increased: 56% more expensive than algorithm 1 at an initial LDL-C level of 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) as compared with 7% more expensive than algorithm 1 at an initial LDL-C level of 6.47 mmol/L (250 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Fulfillment of the target LDL-C approach recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program often requires the use of multiple drugs. When lovastatin is used initially, the regimen becomes simpler, albeit more expensive. At initial LDL-C levels of 4.91 mmol/L (190 mg/dL) or higher, this difference in cost becomes progressively smaller (7% at 6.47 mmol/L [250 mg/dL]), making algorithm 3 the better alternative; at low initial LDL-C levels (4.14 mmol/L [160 mg/dL]), a niacin-first regimen is reasonably simple and substantially less expensive. At moderate and severe initial LDL-C levels (4.91 and 5.69 mmol/L [190 and 220 mg/dL]), the lovastatin-first regimen may be advantageous.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

93326083

MeSH Heading (Major)

Anticholesteremic Agents|*AD/EC; Hypercholesterolemia|*DT/EC

MeSH Heading

Aged; Algorithms; Decision Trees; Drug Costs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hospitals, Veterans; Human; Lovastatin|TU; Male; Middle Age; Midwestern United States; Niacin|TU; Probability; Prospective Studies; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0003-9926

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Anticholesteremic Agents); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 75330-75-5 (Lovastatin)

Section G

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on the common carotid artery. Two- and four-year reduction of intima-media thickness measured by ultrasound [see comments]

Author

Blankenhorn DH; Selzer RH; Crawford DW; Barth JD; Liu CR; Liu CH; Mack WJ; Alaupovic P

Address

Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Source

Circulation, 1993 Jul, 88:1, 20-8

Abstract

BACKGROUND. Controlled clinical trials have reported treatment effects evaluated with serial imaging in coronary and femoral but not cervical arteries. The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study, a coronary, cervical, and femoral angiographic trial of colestipol plus niacin, included a pilot study of standardized carotid ultrasound imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS. Seventy-eight subjects had ultrasound studies at baseline, 2, and 4 years. Twenty-four drug and 22 placebo subjects had carotid ultrasound images at baseline, 2, and 4 years with matching cervical angiograms. Computer image processing was applied to ultrasound images of common carotid (far wall) and cervical angiograms. Computer operators were blind to treatment group. Carotid ultrasound measurements were tested for treatment effects and compared with measurements of atherosclerosis in coronary and cervical angiograms. Drug subjects showed significant progressive reduction in carotid thickness at 2 (P = .0001) and 4 years (P = .0001); placebo subjects significantly increased wall thickness at 2 and 4 years. Reduced levels of apolipoprotein B and increased levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein C-III were significant predictors of carotid wall thinning. Ultrasound-measured carotid intima-media thickness was correlated at baseline with visually read coronary angiographic stenosis and at 2 years with a robust computer measurement of mild carotid atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS. Common carotid intima-media thickening can be reduced by colestipol-niacin treatment. Two-year image-processed carotid ultrasound trials can provide adequate power with 50 subjects per group to test for this treatment effect.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

93306805

MeSH Heading (Major)

Atherosclerosis|DH/*DT/US; Carotid Artery Diseases|DH/*DT/US; Colestipol|*TU; Niacin|*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Carotid Artery, Common|US; Drug Therapy, Combination; Human; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Lipids|BL; Male; Middle Age; Pilot Projects; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0009-7322

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Lipids); 50925-79-6 (Colestipol); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Interaction of niacin and zinc metabolism in patients with alcoholic pellagra.

Author

Vannucchi H; Moreno FS

Address

Nutrition Division, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Source

Am J Clin Nutr, 1989 Aug, 50:2, 364-9

Abstract

The effect of zinc supplementation on the metabolism of tryptophan conversion to niacin was studied in 14 alcoholic patients with pellagra and in 7 male control subjects aged 21-45 y. The pellagrins received chemically defined diets based on crystalline amino acids through an enteral tube for 7 d. Patients were divided into two groups (A and B), both receiving a diet from which tryptophan, Zn, and niacin were excluded. Patients in group B, however, received 220 mg Zn sulfate orally. Upon admission the pellagra patients had low plasma Zn levels and low urinary excretion values of N'methylnicotinamide (N'MN) and N'methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-PYR) in relation to the control subjects (p less than 0.01). During the experimental period there was an increase in plasma Zn levels (p less than 0.005) and in urinary N'MN (p less than 0.05) and 2-PYR (p less than 0.05) excretion in the patients receiving Zn supplementation (group B). These results suggest that Zn interacts with niacin metabolism in alcoholic patients with pellagra through a probable mediation by vitamin B-6.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

89333542

MeSH Heading (Major)

Alcoholism|*CO/ME; Niacin|*ME/UR; Pellagra|*ET/ME; Zinc|*ME/UR

MeSH Heading

Adult; Drug Interactions; Female; Human; Middle Age; Niacinamide|AA/UR; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tryptophan|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-9165

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

114-33-0 (N-methylnicotinamide); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 6912-86-3 (Tryptophan); 701-44-0 (N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide); 7440-66-6 (Zinc); 98-92-0 (Niacinamide)

Section G

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Biochemical markers for assessment of niacin status in young men: urinary and blood levels of niacin metabolites.

Author

Jacob RA; Swendseid ME; McKee RW; Fu CS; Clemens RA

Address

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94129.

Source

J Nutr, 1989 Apr, 119:4, 591-8

Abstract

Biochemical markers of niacin status were studied in healthy young men fed 6.1 to 32 niacin equivalents (NE) per day over an 11-wk period while residing in a metabolic unit. Methylated metabolites of niacin, N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-pyr), in urine and plasma were determined during periods of low (6.1 or 10.1 NE per day), adequate (19 NE per day = 1 RDA) and high (25 or 32 NE per day) niacin intakes and after small test doses of nicotinamide. Urine excretion of less than 1.2 mg/d of either NMN or 2-pyr was a reliable indicator of subjects receiving the lowest intake of 6.1 NE/d, but the NMN metabolite was a better marker of subjects ingesting 10.1 NE/d. The ratio of 2-pyr/NMN in urine was not as good a measure of the 6.1 NE/d intake as the individual metabolite excretions and was not responsive to the 10.1 NE/d intake. Plasma niacin metabolites were generally not as reliable as urinary metabolites for identifying subjects receiving low niacin intakes, however, values for plasma 2-pyr dropped quickly and were eventually nondetectable. After a 1 RDA oral dose of nicotinamide, increases in urine and plasma 2-pyr levels above pre-dose baseline values were significantly decreased in subjects receiving low, as compared to adequate, niacin intake. A leucine supplement had no effect on the rate of repletion of niacin-deficient subjects nor on the level of methylated niacin metabolites in urine or plasma.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

89199125

MeSH Heading (Major)

Niacin|AD/*ME/PK; Nutritional Status|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Biological Markers; Comparative Study; Human; Kinetics; Male; Niacinamide|AA/AD/BL/UR

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-3166

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Biological Markers); 3106-60-3 (N(1)-methylnicotinamide); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 701-44-0 (N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide); 98-92-0 (Niacinamide)

Section G

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Blood levels of water-soluble vitamins in pediatric patients on total parenteral nutrition using a multiple vitamin preparation.

Author

Marinier E; Gorski AM; de Courcy GP; Criqui C; Bunodiere M; Christides JP; Causse MB; Brion F; Ricour C; Navarro J

Address

Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.

Source

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1989 Mar-Apr, 13:2, 176-84

Abstract

Although guidelines for the parenteral use of vitamin preparations in pediatric patients have been published, there are very limited data on the efficiency of these preparations and on the exact needs of infants and children on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We report here an open, prospective, study of the blood levels of water-soluble vitamins in infants and children on TPN before and during supplementation with a new water-soluble multivitamin formula containing per vial unit: B1, 3 mg; B2, 3.6 mg; B6, 4 mg; niacin, 40 mg; pantothenate, 15 mg; ascorbate, 100 mg; biotin, 60 micrograms; folic acid, 400 micrograms; B12, 5 micrograms. Thirteen children, 9 months to 15 yr old, on home TPN for 1.5 months to 7 yr, and 17 hospitalized infants and children, 1 week to 15 yr old, receiving TPN were studied for 2 weeks to 4 months. Daily doses were given according to age: 1/2 vial if less than 18 months; 1 vial if greater than 18 months and less than 10 years; 1.5 vials if greater than 10 years. Assays for B1, B2, biotin, niacin, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) folates were performed by microbiologic methods, B12 was measured by radioimmunoassay. During the study, B1 levels were consistently above the upper limit of the normal range, B2 and B12 remained in the normal range although there was a slight decrease in B12 values. Almost half of the patients had initially low levels of biotin, niacin, and folates. Biotin, after a significant sharp rise during the first month of supplementation returned to normal range. Niacin levels were initially low in infants and rose toward normal values during treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

89217262

MeSH Heading (Major)

Parenteral Nutrition, Total|*; Vitamin B Complex|AD/*BL

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Ascorbic Acid|AD/BL/PD; Biotin|AD/BL; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Folic Acid|AD/BL; Human; Infant; Male; Niacin|AD/BL; Prospective Studies

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0148-6071

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

12001-76-2 (Vitamin B Complex); 50-81-7 (Ascorbic Acid); 58-85-5 (Biotin); 59-30-3 (Folic Acid); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 10 from database: MEDLINE

Title

A biomarker for the assessment of niacin nutriture as a potential preventive factor in carcinogenesis.

Author

Jacobson EL; Jacobson MK

Address

Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Fort Worth.

Source

J Intern Med, 1993 Jan, 233:1, 59-62

Abstract

The study of protective cellular responses to DNA damage has led to the working hypothesis that optimal niacin nutriture is a preventive factor in cancer. Described here is the development of a biomarker for determining niacin status termed Niacin Number. The combination of this biomarker with diet and cancer epidemiology will allow evaluation of the possible role of this nutrient in cancer risk.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

93155629

MeSH Heading (Major)

Neoplasms|GE/ME/*PC; Niacin|*BL; Nutritional Status|*

MeSH Heading

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose|ME; Biological Markers|BL; Blood Cells|CH; DNA Damage|PH; DNA Repair|PH; Human; NAD|BL; NADP|BL; Polymers; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0954-6820

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Biological Markers); 0 (Polymers); 20762-30-5 (Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose); 53-59-8 (NADP); 53-84-9 (NAD); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 11 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Biochemical markers for assessment of niacin status in young men: levels of erythrocyte niacin coenzymes and plasma tryptophan.

Author

Fu CS; Swendseid ME; Jacob RA; McKee RW

Address

Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.

Source

J Nutr, 1989 Dec, 119:12, 1949-55

Abstract

Seven male subjects housed in a controlled metabolic unit for 80 d were fed diets containing amounts of niacin and tryptophan ranging from 6.1 to 32 niacin equivalents (NE) per day. Erythrocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide nucleotide phosphate (NADP), activity of nicotinic acid mononucleotide phosphoribosyltransferase (NMNPRT), plasma tryptophan levels and the urinary excretion of organic acids were measured during dietary periods of low (6.1 or 10.1), adequate (19) and high (25 or 32) NE intake. With both low NE diets, NAD levels in erythrocytes decreased by approximately 70% and increased during repletion with an adequate NE diet. NADP levels remained relatively unchanged. Plasma tryptophan levels decreased by 40% and 10% in subjects ingesting diets of 6.1 and 10.1 NE/d, respectively. A daily 7.8-g leucine supplement during repletion was not associated with changes in plasma tryptophan levels or erythrocyte NAD and NADP levels at the end of the period. No changes in NMNPRT activity or organic acid excretion were found during the study. The results indicate that the erythrocyte NAD level may serve as a sensitive indicator for the assessment of niacin status. Also, a niacin index, the ratio of erythrocyte NAD to NADP, below 1.0 may identify subjects at risk of developing a niacin deficiency.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

90155527

MeSH Heading (Major)

Diet|*; Erythrocytes|AN/*EN; Niacin|*AD/AN/DF; Nutritional Status|*; NAD|*AN; NADP|*AN; Tryptophan|*BL

MeSH Heading

Adult; Biological Markers|AN; Food, Fortified; Human; Leucine|AD; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-3166

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Biological Markers); 53-59-8 (NADP); 53-84-9 (NAD); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 6912-86-3 (Tryptophan); 7005-03-0 (Leucine)

Section G

Record 12 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Effect of a modified, well-tolerated niacin regimen on serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and the cholesterol to high density lipoprotein ratio.

Author

Alderman JD; Pasternak RC; Sacks FM; Smith HS; Monrad ES; Grossman W

Address

Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Harvard-Thorndike Laboratory, Beth Isreal Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.

Source

Am J Cardiol, 1989 Oct 1, 64:12, 725-9

Abstract

One hundred one patients with coronary artery disease and pretreatment ratios of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol greater than 4.0 were treated with niacin, commencing at low dosages (100 to 250 mg twice daily) and gradually increasing the dosage over 4 to 8 weeks to 1,000 mg twice daily. Dosage adjustments were made to minimize side effects. At a mean follow-up duration of 11 +/- 7 months, and a mean dosage of 1,415 +/- 698 mg/day, the group had a 13% reduction in total cholesterol, 31% increase in HDL and 32% decrease in the cholesterol to HDL ratio. A subgroup of 62 patients taking greater than 1,000 mg/day of niacin had an 18% reduction in total cholesterol, 32% increase in HDL and 36% improvement in the cholesterol to HDL ratio. A subgroup of 39 patients taking less than or equal to 1,000 mg/day of niacin had only a 5% reduction in total cholesterol, although a 29% increase in HDL and a 24% decrease in the cholesterol to HDL ratio were recorded. Side effects of niacin were reported in 38% of the patients, but led to discontinuation of therapy in only 4. Niacin can be administered in a fashion that is well tolerated, inexpensive and very effective in improving the cholesterol to HDL ratio.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

90023216

MeSH Heading (Major)

Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|BL/*DT; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|*BL; Niacin|AD/*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Female; Human; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-9149

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section G

Record 13 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Hepatotoxicity associated with sustained-release niacin.

Author

Dalton TA; Berry RS

Address

Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham.

Source

Am J Med, 1992 Jul, 93:1, 102-4

Abstract

Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a widely used agent in the treatment of hyperlipidemias characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein. The tendency of the conventional crystalline niacin to cause flushing has limited its use in many patients. Sustained-release (SR) niacin preparations are increasingly utilized due to a lower incidence of flushing and convenient dosing frequency. Although gastrointestinal and hepatotoxic side effects are common to both formulations, they are more frequent and occasionally more severe with the SR preparations. We describe a patient who developed an acute illness characterized by hypothermia, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, and severe hepatic dysfunction 2 days after substitution of an SR preparation for a previously well-tolerated crystalline niacin.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

92328037

MeSH Heading (Major)

Hepatitis, Toxic|*ET; Niacin|AD/*AE

MeSH Heading

Aged; Case Report; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Human; Hyperlipidemia|DT; Liver|DE

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-9343

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Delayed-Action Preparations); 59-67-6 (Niacin)

HealthGate Document

Section H

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Safety limits for nutrients.

Author

Hathcock JN

Address

Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, D.C 20036-1609, USA.

Source

J Nutr, 1996 Sep, 126:9 Suppl, 2386S-2389S

Abstract

The occurrence of adverse health effects from ingestion of any substance depends on its inherent toxic potential, the amount of intake, and the biological characteristics of the exposed individual. A safe intake is one that provides an acceptable margin of safety below the intake that carries risk of adverse effects. If appropriate data are available, applying fixed safety factors, systematically varying safety factors or using other methods to identify reasonable limits for safe intakes. A crucial factor in understanding the margin of safety that a particular intake is likely to provide is the adequacy of the data to estimate the likely frequency of the adverse response among persons with that intake. For a few nutrients there are sufficient numbers of reports of adverse effects over a sufficiently wide range of exposures to allow estimation of lowest adverse effect levels; for other nutrients the reports of adverse effects are too infrequent or inconsistent to support estimations that are meaningful.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96407785

MeSH Heading (Major)

Minerals|*; Nutritional Requirements|*; Trace Elements|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Animal; Chromium|AE; Human; Infant; Niacin|AE; Safety; Selenium|AE; Zinc|AE

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-3166

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section H

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin prevents DNA strand breakage by adenosine deaminase inhibitors.

Author

Weitberg AB; Corvese D

Address

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Roger Williams General Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02908.

Source

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1990 Mar 16, 167:2, 514-9

Abstract

The adenosine deaminase inhibitors deoxycoformycin and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3 nonyl) adenine (EHNA) induce single-strand DNA breaks in cultured human lymphocytes. Deoxycoformycin produced a significant number of strand breaks (4-fold increase compared to controls) and EHNA induced strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner. Strand breaks stimulate repair by poly(ADP-ribosylation) which requires NAD+ as a cofactor. Niacin is a precursor of NAD+ and when preincubated with human lymphocytes prior to exposure to adenosine deaminase inhibitors, strand breakage was reduced significantly. The administration of niacin may represent an approach to decreasing the toxicity associated with these agents.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

90211222

MeSH Heading (Major)

Adenine|*AA/PD; Adenosine Deaminase|*AI; DNA|*DE; DNA Damage|*; Lymphocytes|*CY/DE; Niacin|*PD; Nucleoside Deaminases|*AI; Pentostatin|*PD

MeSH Heading

Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Flow Cytometry; Human; Kinetics

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0006-291X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

EC 3.5.4 (Nucleoside Deaminases); EC 3.5.4.4 (Adenosine Deaminase); 53910-25-1 (Pentostatin); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 59262-86-1 (9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine); 73-24-5 (Adenine); 9007-49-2 (DNA)

Section H

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins.

Author

Rose RC

Address

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Finch University of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.

Source

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1996 Jul, 212:3, 191-8

Abstract

Vitamin utility is a scientific/medical topic that appears to be pursued as ardently by the lay public as by scientists and medical practitioners. A group of epidemiologists evaluates the effects on health of vitamin intake in the natural diet and by supplementation. The role in ocular disease, cancer of the breast or colon, and cardiovascular disease are a few of the concerns. The results and recommendations concerning dietary vitamin intake will likely continue to change. However, the processes by which dietary vitamins are delivered from intestinal chyme to the blood are more certain. The concept of homeostasis might apply to various of the vitamins as it does to minerals, water, etc. This review will discuss some common methods used to study vitamin absorption and the proposed mechanisms of absorption, and will conclude with a section about dietary regulation.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96268346

MeSH Heading (Major)

Intestinal Absorption|*; Vitamins|*ME/TU

MeSH Heading

Animal; Ascorbic Acid|ME; Biotin|ME; Food, Fortified; Human; Jejunum|ME; Niacin|ME; Pantothenic Acid|ME; Riboflavin|ME; Solubility; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0037-9727

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

Section H

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Virgil Sydenstricker: special reference to niacin deficiency encephalopathy.

Author

Meador KJ; Loring DW; Nichols FT; Adams RJ; Feldman EB

Address

Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912.

Source

South Med J, 1988 Aug, 81:8, 1042-6

Abstract

Virgil Sydenstricker was a member of a notable American family which included authoress Pearl S. Buck and the eminent epidemiologist Edgar Sydenstricker. Dr. Sydenstricker's contributions in the fields of hematology and nutritional disease are legion. His landmark work in sickle cell anemia characterized a definite symptom complex with specific hematologic findings and inheritance pattern. He wrote on the complications of malnutrition and attempted to delineate the specific effects of individual nutritional factors. Dr. Sydenstricker and his associate H. M. Cleckley first described the syndrome of niacin deficiency encephalopathy. Today, the syndrome is still occasionally reported. Niacin deficiency should be considered when unexplained acute confusional states or neurologic deficits occur in the setting of malnutrition, antituberculous drug use, or chronic partial nutritional deficiency with acute increase in metabolic demand.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

88305439

MeSH Heading (Major)

Brain Diseases|ET/*HI; Nutrition Disorders|CO/*HI

MeSH Heading

History of Medicine, 20th Cent.; Human; Niacin|DF/HI; Pellagra|HI; Portraits; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; United States

Publication Type

HISTORICAL ARTICLE; BIOGRAPHY; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0038-4348

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

59-67-6 (Niacin)

Section H

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin, thiamin, and pantothenic acid bioavailability to humans from maize bran as affected by milling and particle size.

Author

Yu BH; Kies C

Address

Dept. of Nutritional Science and Hospitality Management, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0807.

Source

Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 1993 Jan, 43:1, 87-95

Abstract

The objective of the project was to determine the bioavailability of selected B vitamins (niacin, pantothenic acid and thiamin) to humans from wet and dry milled maize brans which were coarsely or finely ground. Using a double cross-over design, the nine subjects were fed laboratory controlled diets containing unsupplemented bread or bread supplemented with finely ground, wet milled maize bran; coarsely ground, wet milled maize bran; finely ground, dry milled corn bran; or coarsely ground, dry milled maize bran. Subjects made complete collections of urine throughout the study which were analyzed for contents of the test vitamins. Although varying somewhat among vitamins, in general, better apparent bioavailability was achieved with the finely ground, dry milled maize bran than with the other test brans.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

93219296

MeSH Heading (Major)

Corn|*ME; Food Handling|*; Niacin|*PK/UR; Pantothenic Acid|*PK/UR; Thiamine|*PK/UR

MeSH Heading

Adult; Biological Availability; Bread; Female; Human; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Nutritive Value; Particle Size

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0921-9668

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

59-43-8 (Thiamine); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 79-83-4 (Pantothenic Acid)

Section H

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Implications of interferon-induced tryptophan catabolism in cancer, auto-immune diseases and AIDS.

Author

Brown RR; Ozaki Y; Datta SP; Borden EC; Sondel PM; Malone DG

Address

Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792.

Source

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1991, 294:, 425-35

Abstract

Tryptophan (Trp) is an indispensable amino acid required for biosynthesis of proteins, serotonin and niacin. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is induced by infections, viruses, lipopolysaccharides, or interferons (IFNs) and this results in significant catabolism of Trp along the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. Intracellular growth of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia psittaci in human fibroblasts in vitro is inhibited by IFN-gamma and this inhibition is negated by extra Trp in the medium. Similarly, growth of a number of human cell lines in vitro is inhibited by IFN-gamma and addition of extra Trp restores growth. Thus, in some in vitro systems, antiproliferative effects of IFN-gamma are mediated by induced depletion of Trp. We find that cancer patients given Type I or Type II IFNs can induce IDO which results in decreased serum Trp levels (20-50% of pretreatment) and increased urinary metabolites of the Kyn pathway (5 to 500 fold of pretreatment). We speculate that in vivo antineoplastic effects of IFNs and clinical side effects are mediated, at least in part, by a general or localized depletion of Trp. In view of reported increases of IFNs in autoimmune diseases and our earlier findings of elevated urinary Trp metabolites in autoimmune diseases, it seems likely that systemic or local depletion of Trp occurs in autoimmune diseases and may relate to degeneration, wasting and other symptoms in such diseases. We find high levels of IDO in cells isolated from synovia of arthritic joints. IFNs are also elevated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and increasing IFN levels are associated with a worsening prognosis. We propose that IDO is induced chronically by HIV infection, is further increased by opportunistic infections, and that this chronic loss of Trp initiates mechanisms responsible for the cachexia, dementia, diarrhea and possibly immunosuppression of AIDS patients. In these symptoms, AIDS resembles classical pellagra due to dietary deficiency of Trp and niacin. In preliminary studies, others report low levels of Trp and serotonin, and elevated levels of Kyn and quinolinic acid in AIDS patients. The implications of these data in cancer, autoimmune diseases and AIDS are discussed.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

92125173

MeSH Heading (Major)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|*ME; Autoimmune Diseases|*ME; Interferons|*PH; Neoplasms|*ME; Tryptophan|*ME

MeSH Heading

Enzyme Induction|DE; Female; Human; Interferon Inducers|PD; Interferon Type II|PD; Interleukin-2|PD; Kynurenine|BI; Male; Niacin|ME; Serotonin|ME; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Tryptophan Oxygenase|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0065-2598

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

EC 1.13.11.11 (Tryptophan Oxygenase); 0 (Interferon Inducers); 0 (Interleukin-2); 343-65-7 (Kynurenine); 50-67-9 (Serotonin); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 6912-86-3 (Tryptophan); 82115-62-6 (Interferon Type II); 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

Section H

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE

Title

Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: a review of controlled trials in humans.

Author

Kleijnen J; Knipschild P

Address

Department of Epidemiology/Health Care Research, University of Limburg, The Netherlands.

Source

Biol Psychiatry, 1991 May 1, 29:9, 931-41

Abstract

Fifty-three controlled trials of the effects of niacin, vitamin B6, and multivitamins on mental functions are reviewed. The results are interpreted with emphasis on the methodological quality of the trials. It turns out that virtually all trials show serious short-comings: in the number of participants, the presentation of baseline characteristics and outcomes, and the description of changes in concomitant treatments. Only in autistic children are some positive results are found with very high dosages of vitamin B6 combined with magnesium, but further evidence is needed before more definitive conclusions can be drawn. For many other indications (hyperactive children, children with Down's syndrome, IQ changes in healthy schoolchildren, schizophrenia, psychological functions in healthy adults and geriatric patients) there is no adequate support from controlled trials in favor of vitamin supplementation.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

91265761

MeSH Heading (Major)

Clinical Trials|*ST; Mental Disorders|*DT; Niacin|*TU; Pyridoxine|*TU

MeSH Heading

Adult; Autism, Infantile|DT; Child; Down Syndrome|DT; Human; Orthomolecular Therapy; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vitamins|TU

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0006-3223

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Go To Top

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Vitamins); 59-67-6 (Niacin); 65-23-6 (Pyridoxine)

[ Home ] [ Up ]

SUBSCRIBE:  The Wednesday Letter is a free electronic monthly newsletter written and published by Karl Loren.  You can view more than 50 back issues of this publication by clicking here.  The Wednesday Letter subscription list is maintained on a secure server, no name is ever given or sold to anyone, and it is never used except for this Newsletter.  It is automatically published on the Tuesday night just before the first Wednesday of every month.  You can subscribe to this free monthly electronic letter by entering your eMail address and name below.  You will then automatically receive a request for confirmation, sent to whatever address you have entered.  If you do NOT receive this confirmation request, then you will not be subscribed.  There may have been an error with your address and you should resubmit.  The letter is never sent twice to the same address -- so you do not have to worry about a duplicate subscription.  When you receive this confirmation request you must reply to it, or your subscription will not become active.  No one can subscribe your name, and address, without you being notified, and if you get an unwanted notice of subscription you only need to DO NOTHING and the subscription will NOT be active.

REMOVAL:  You can remove yourself from the subscription list in several different ways.  Click here to read about this entire newsletter system.  Every edition of The Wednesday Letter is delivered to your address with YOUR name and address in view on the letter, with a link that allows you to remove THAT name from the subscription list.  If you try to send this removal message from an address different from the one you used to send in your original confirmation, then you will get a warning notice first, sent to the subscription address, asking you to confirm that you want to be removed from the list -- by replying to THAT request for confirmation, you will then be automatically removed.  Thus, no one else can unsubscribe you, from some other computer, without your knowledge.  But, if you send in the unsubscribe notice from the same machine used to receive the Letter, then the removal from the subscription list is automatic.

Personal Message:  When you send a personal message to Karl Loren, you will receive a personal reply as per his instructions.  Karl pledges that every personal message will get a personal answer. When you provide your mail address, we will send you free information including our free catalog and a cassette tape lecture by Karl Loren about heart disease, no charge, by mail, even if outside the US.  You can select particular information you would like to receive, along with the free cassette tape and catalog.

You can reach Vibrant Life in many ways, including by mail to Vibrant Life, 2808 N. Naomi St., Burbank, CA 91504.  Within the US and Canada, use the toll free number:  (800) 523-4521, the local number:  (818) 558-1799, the FAX:  (818) 558-7299, eMail to kimberly@oralchelation.com or any one of the hundreds of message forms throughout the 50 web sites.  Vibrant Life normally ships the same day we get an order.  There are message forms on each of the 100,000+ pages on this and other sites where you can communicate with Vibrant Life.  Check out our companion site, at:  http://www.oralchelation.net where Karl's 2000 page book is published.  Karl Loren is the author and webmaster for this BOOK, as well as for another web site about ORAL CHELATION.  His personal philosophical articles are at PHILOSOPHY. 

Copyright © May 20, 2008 6:24 AM by Karl Loren on behalf of Vibrant Life, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Permission is granted for non-commercial downloading, copying, distribution or redistribution on two conditions:  One, that some form of copyright notice is included in every copy distributed or copied, showing the copyright belonging to Vibrant Life, Burbank, CA, at www.oralchelation.com . The second condition is that the material is not to be used for any purpose contrary to the purposes and objectives of this site.  This permission does not extend to materials on this site which are copyrighted by others.