Malic Acid
The Team Value Of Magnesium And Malic Acid
Malic
Acid |
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Magnesium & Malic Acid
Magnesium is a key mineral cofactor for many anaerobic as well as
aerobic reactions that generate energy, and has an oxygen-sparing effect. It is
essential for the cell's mitochondria "powerhouses" to function normally, being
involved in both the production and utilization of ATP.
Malic Acid has
an oxygen sparing effect and there are a number of indications that malic acid
is very critical molecule in controlling mitochonddrial function. Malate is a
source of energy from the Krebs cycle and is the only metabolite of the cycle
which falls in concentration during exhaustive physical activity. Depletion of
malate has also been linked to physical exhaustion. By giving malic acid and
magnesium as dietary supplements, flexibility to use aerobic and anaerobic
energy sources can be enhanced and energy production can be boosted.
Lab
studies show that many patients with fibromyalgia (or with chronic fatigue) have
low magnesium levels.5 Magnesium supplementation enhanced the treatment of both
conditions. Its benefits appear to result, at least in part, from its positive
impact on serotonin function.6
Combining 5-HTP with St. John's Wort Extract
(0.3% hypericin context), malic acid, and magnesium, is part of an overall
fibromyalgia treatment plan. Providing excellent results - due in large measure
to its improvement of sleep quality and mood.
Use of Magnesium and Malic Acid in Chronic
Fatigue, Fibromyalgia and Related Conditions
Universal Energy Source for the Body: Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is
the substance which stores energy that is created when the body burns
carbohydrates and fats in the citric acid cycle. When energy is needed by the
body (as, for example, in muscular contraction), ATP is broken down to release
the stored energy. ATP is the universal energy molecule for the body in the same
way that electricity is the universal energy source for a computer.
Chronic Fatigue, Fibromyalgia and Related
Conditions Respond to Magnesium and Malic Acid
According to the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research Foundation in Santa
Barbara, California, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) specialists are now
recommending malic acid and magnesium hydroxide complex for the treatment of CFS
and related pain of primary fibromyalgia. Dr. Jay Goldstein of Los Angeles has
found magnesium and malic aid to be a safe, inexpensive supplement and
recommends that it be added to the list of potential beneficial substances for
chronic fatigue.
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a clinical syndrome of generalized
musculoskeletal pain, stiffness and chronic aching, common in middle aged women
(between the ages of 30 and 50).2 The
association of FM with irritable bowl syndrome, tension headache,
dysmenorrhea2,3, mitral valve prolapse2,4 has been reported.
In a clinical test with 15 FM patients using a total daily dosage of
300-600 mg of malic acid, all patients reported significant improvement of pain
within 48 hours of starting the supplement. After an average of eight weeks on
the supplement, six patients on the placebo.2 Fatigue symptoms may take approximately 2 weeks to
respond to the supplement.1
Researchers now believe that FM and related symptoms may be a result of
deficiencies of substances needed for ATP synthesis. Synthesis of proteins, fats
and carbohydrates necessary for cellular integrity, normal activity and function
dependent on ATP availability which supplies the energy for their synthesis and
actions.2
Magnesium and Malic Acid Essential in Aerobic
and Anaerobic Reactions Necessary for ATP Synthesis
Magnesium and malic acid are essential in both aerobic and anaerobic
reactions necessary for the production of ATP. both substances also have an
oxygen sparing effect. It is plausible, therefore, that magnesium and malate
deficiency could induce hypoxia as seen in muscle tissue biopsies of FM
patients.
Magnesium and malic acid can protect against the toxic effects
of aluminum. Because of its affinity for phosphate groups, aluminum blocks the
utilization of phosphate for ATP synthesis. Adequate magnesium levels prevent
this toxic effect. Malic acid is one of the most potent chelators of aluminum
and was the most effective of several chelators tested at reducing aluminum
levels in the brain.
Sufficient Magnesium is
Critical
Magnesium may be the most critical
supplement for CFS patients.6 Magnesium
supplementation for CFS, FM and related symptoms are well supported by research.
- Known intracellular magnesium deficiencies exist in CFS and such
deficiencies definitely disrupt ATP syntheses in both the glycolytic and
mitochondiral pathways.6
- Since ATP drives the membrane pumps which transport magnesium into the cell,
a vicious cycle could arise in which low ATP levels give rise to even lower
intracellular magnesium, causing still further ATP reduction. This may in fact
occur in CFS patients who "crash".6
- The most common symptoms associated with FM - myalgia, chronic fatigue
syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, tension headache and
dysmenorrhea - have been reported in patients with magnesium deficiency, and
magnesium supplementation improves these symptoms.2
- The oxygen sparing effect of magnesium has been demonstrated in magnesium
deficient swimmers. Magnesium supplementation lowered blood lactate levels and
oxygen consumption despite a higher glucose utilization.2
- Magnesioum deficiency causes swelling and disruption of cristae in the
mitochondria, with a decreased number of mitochondria per cell. Similar
mitochondrial abnormalities have been reported in muscle biopsies of FM
patients.2
- Magnesium is required for the normal activity of malate dehydrogenase
involved in malate-asparate shuttle.2
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Malate Deficiency May Be the Cause of Physical
Exhaustion
It has been proposed that malate
deficiency may be the cause of physical exhaustion and that malate is the common
mediator of increased mitochondrial respiration. malate is the only metabolite
of the citric acid cycle which correlates positively with physical activity.
- Followiing endurance training of athletes, muscles were characterized by a
50% increase in the malate-asparate redox shuttle enzymes, where malate plays a
key role.2
- Only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity, even
though other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle necessary for ATP
production remain unchanged.2
- In humans as well as in other animals tested, when there is increased demand
for ATP, there is also an increased demand and utilization of malate.2
- Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides
reducing equivalents to the mitochondria by the malate-aspartate redox
shuttle.2
- Under anaerobic conditions, an excess of cytosolic reducing equivalents
inhibits glycolysis. by its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to
oxaloacetate, malate is capable of removing cytosolic reducing equivalents,
thereby reversing inhibition of glycolysis.2
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Warning: The nutritional information listed in this publication
can not under any circumstances be considered as treatment, cure, prevention or
therapy, or as the only treatment or therapy for any disease or condition. Nor
can this information under any circumstances be considered as substitute or
alternative treatment of therapy for any disease or condition., The statements
contained in this publication have not been approved or evaluated by the Federal
Drug Administration. The information listed relates to nutritional support only.
REFERENCES
1. "A Follow-Up on Malic Acid", CFIDS Buyers Club, Health
Watch, Spring, 3(1):1-3, 1993.
2. Abraham, G.E, and Flechas
J.D., "Management of Fibromyalgia: Rationale for the use of magnesium and Malic
Acid", Journal of Nutritional Medicine, 3:49-59, 1992.
3.
Yunus, M., Ramman, K. and Ramman, K.K., "Primary Fibromyalgia syndrome and
myofacial pain syndrome: Clinical features and muscle pathology", Arch. Phys.
Med. Rehab., 69:451-4, 1977.
4. Pelligrino, M., Van Fossen, D.,
Gordon, C., Ryan, J. and Waytonis, G., "Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in
Primary Fibromyalgia: A pilot investigation," Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., 70:541-3,
1998.
5. Goldenberg, D., Simms, R., Geiger, A. and Komaroff,
A., "High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in
primary care practice," Arth. Rheum, 3:381-7, 1990.
6. Cheney,
P., Lapp, C., "Entero-Hepatic Resuscitation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue
Syndrme: A pyramid of Nutrional Therapy", CFIDS Buyers club, Health Watch,
Winter, 1994: 4(1):3.
prepared by Marc D. Braunstein
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