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ITALY MINERVA ANESTESIOL. (ITALY), 1984,
50/11 (573-576) The physiopathological background to senile
osteoporosis in women is reviewed with a reminder
of possible complications like vertebral fractures
and incident pain. The treatment protocols
developed from these premises include the
administration of oestroprogestins, vitamins D2, B1
and B6 and calcitonin. They also incorporate
exposure to electromagnetic pulsation fields,
ultraviolet and infrared rays as well as FANS and
antidepressant treatment.
Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
(Switzerland), 1996, 126/15 (607-611) Administration of vitamins or metals may
cause severe side effects. Retinoids (derivatives
of vitamin A) used for the treatment of various
skin disorders are teratogenic, hepatotoxic and may
induce a substantial increase in serum lipids. A
case report demonstrates that vitamin D
supplementation in a patient under total parenteral
nutrition can cause hypercalcemia. The isolated
administration of vitamin B1, without concomitant
vitamin B6 and nicotinamide may precipitate
potentially life-threatening pellagra
encephalopathy. Repeat blood transfusions may
produce clinically overt organ hemosiderosis, e.g.
cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus or
myocardiopathy. The literature contains reports on
a few cases of sarcoma associated with orthopedic
metal implants. The controversial issue of the
potential dangers of dental amalgams is briefly
mentioned.
Anti-Aging News, January 1982 Vo.2, No. 1 pg
6-7 Cysteine is a strong reducing agent (it can
prevent oxidation of some other substances). In
fact, it has been found that too much cysteine in a
cell culture medium can inactivate the hormone
insulin contained in the medium. The insulin
molecule contains three disulfide bonds, at least
one of which can be reduced by cysteine. When this
happens, the insulin molecule can no longer
maintain the proper shape to function normally in
stimulating the metabolism of sugar. In
hypoglycemia attacks, there is too much insulin and
too little sugar in the blood stream. Cysteine can
inactivate insulin, thereby allowing the sugar
level to begin to rise again. We and others have
used the combination of vitamins B1, C, and
cysteine to successfully abort severe attacks of
hypoglycemia. A reasonable dose for a healthy adult
is 5 grams of C, 1 gram of B1, and 1 gram cysteine.
Although cysteine is a nutrient, it s use on a
long-term basis should be considered experimental.
Start with a low dose (250 milligrams per day) and
work your way up. Always use at least three times
as much vitamin C as cysteine. Be sure to consult
with your physician and have regular clinical tests
of basic body functions, especially liver and
kidney. Diabetics should not use cysteine
supplements due to its anti-insulin effects.
Vopr Med Khim (RUSSIA) Nov-Dec 1995, 41 (6)
p58-62 By mathematically analysing the curves of
urinary excretion of vitamins, their plasma and
erythrocytic concentrations or of TDP-effect, by
constructing and mathematically interpreting the
variation curves of distribution of a given plasma
concentration of riboflavin and pyridoxal phosphate
for 10-14-old-year children suffering from
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after
supplementation of vitamin, as a criterion of
normal requirement for vitamin B2, the authors are
prone to recommend the concentration of riboflavin
over 10 micrograms/ml in plasma and over 96
micrograms/ml in erythrocytes, the hourly excretion
of more than 27 micrograms. It has been ascertained
that the criteria for the optimal body's
requirements for vitamins in diabetes mellitus
children do not differ from those in healthy
age-matched children. Thus, the value of TDP-effect
is less than 1.25, the concentration of pyridoxal
phosphate is over 8.4 micrograms/ml plasma, the
excretion values of thiamine and 4-pyridoxic acid
are 13.5 and 64.0 micrograms/h, respectively.
Vopr Med Khim (RUSSIA) Jul-Aug 1994, 40 (4)
p33-8 Correlation between the state of vitamin
metabolism and the impairments in carbohydrate,
lipid and protein metabolism was studied in 35
children of 9-13 years of age with diabetes
mellitus of various severity standing for up to 7
years. Deterioration of riboflavin metabolism in
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, expressed as
an increase of the vitamin excretion with urine,
was augmented with prolongation of the disease
duration; the deterioration was sometimes related
to the value of glycemia and glucosuria, being the
indicative symptom of the disease. In spite of some
limitations in validity of experiments related to
insufficient number of children in some groups, a
decrease in excretion of 1-methyl nicotinamide with
urine was detected in all the children with the
comatose state, in acidoketosis and glucosuria
(above 20 g/day), whereas normal content of
nicotinamide coenzymes was found in erythrocytes.
Deficiency in vitamins B1, B6 and C was observed
more often (5-100%) in children with elevated
content of cholesterol as compared with 7-67% of
children exhibiting normal level of cholesterol.
Optimization of vitamins B and C consumption in
children as well as use of any means for correction
of these vitamins deficiency are discussed.
Vopr Med Khim (RUSSIA) Sep-Oct 1993, 39 (5)
p26-9 Metabolism of vitamins B, involving evaluation
of these vitamins content in blood and excretion of
their metabolites with urine, was studied in adult
healthy persons as well as in patients with
insulin-dependent and -independent forms of
diabetes mellitus. Distinct alterations in
metabolism of vitamin B2 were detected in the
insulin-dependent diabetes: its content in
erythrocytes and the rate of excretion with urine
were increased. This phenomenon made some problems
in evaluation of riboflavin consumption in patients
with diabetes mellitus of the I type, while
parameters of vitamin consumption in
insulin-independent diabetes were similar to those
of healthy persons. Parameters of metabolism of
vitamins B1, B6 and PP were not different in
patients with insulin-dependent and -independent
forms of diabetes mellitus. Rates of excretion of
4-pyridoxic acid, 1-methyl nicotinamide, thiamine
with urine as well as concentration of the
corresponding vitamins in blood were similar to
those parameters of healthy persons.
Med Klin (GERMANY) Aug 15 1993, 88 (8) p453-7 The present study was aimed to determine the
vitamin status of vitamins A, E, beta-carotene, B1,
B2, B6, B12 and folate in plasma using HPLC and
vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in erythrocytes using the
apoenzyme stimulation test with the Cobas-Bio
analyzer in 29 elderly type II diabetic women with
(G1: n = 17, age: 68.6 +/- 3.2 years) and without
(G2: n = 12, age: 71.8 +/- 2.7 years) diabetic
polyneuropathy. The basic parameters as age,
hemoglobin A1c, fructosamine and duration of the
disease did not differ in both groups. Furthermore,
retinopathy was assessed with fundoscopy and
nephropathy with creatinine clearance. The
creatinine clearance (G1: 50.6 +/- 3.4 vs. G2: 63.6
+/- 3.7 ml/min, 2p < 0.025) and the percentage of
retinopathy (G1: 76.5% vs. G2: 16.7%, 2p = 0.002)
were different indicating that G1 had significantly
more severe late complications than G2. Current
plasma levels of all measured vitamins (A, E,
beta-carotene, B1, B2, B6, B12 and folate) and the
status of B1, B2 and B6 in erythrocytes did not
vary between the two groups (2p > 0.1). In summary,
we found a lack of association between the actual
vitamin condition in plasma and erythrocytes and
diabetic neuropathy.
Pharmacology (Switzerland), 1996, 53/6 (384-389)
We investigated the effect of theophylline
administration on circulating vitamin levels in
children with asthma. Twenty-three asthmatic
children, ranging in age from 7 to 15 with a mean
of 10.8 years and including 16 patients who were
treated with slow-release theophylline and 7
patients not receiving any type of theophylline
preparation, were enrolled in this study. They all
were inpatients who had been hospitalized for the
control of asthma. Steady-state serum theophylline
and vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, B12 and C levels were
evaluated in these patients. Circulating vitamin B1
and B6 levels were depressed in asthmatic children
treated with theophylline compared to those not
receiving the agent (38.4 plus or minus 1.6 (mean
plus or minus SEM) vs. 46.4 plus or minus 3.5 ng/ml
and 7.1 plus or minus 0.5 vs. 11.8 plus or minus
2.1 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.05). A significant
negative correlation between theophylline and
circulating levels of vitamin B6 was demonstrated
in the subjects of this study (r(s) = -0.657, p <
0.001). In contrast, no relationship was noted
between theophylline and circulating vitamin B1
levels. Theophylline did not affect circulating
vitamin A, B1, B12 or C levels. We conclude that
theophylline induces depression of circulating
vitamin B1 and B6 levels in asthmatic children,
although a dose-dependent interaction between
theophylline and vitamin B1 would be unlikely.
Oftalmologia (ROMANIA) Jan-Mar 1991, 35 (1)
p39-42 The paper reports on the case of a 44-year-old
patient suffering from toxic optic neuropathy
produced by ingestion of a drink brought at second
hand. The eye examination revealed the installment
of bilateral blindness without the perception of
light and with alteration of the general state.
After the treatment with 3 perfusions/day with 22
ml ethylic alcohol, 90 degrees, in 250 ml glucosed
serum 10%, 200 mg vitamin B1, 500 mg vitamin B6,
nicotined xanthnol, vials II for six days, the
evolution was good: VOD = 2/3 n.c.; VOS = 1/8 n.c.
Hum Toxicol (ENGLAND) Sep 1988, 7 (5) p455-63 1. The safe limits of alcohol intake are
difficult to define because of individual
variations in susceptibility to damage. The present
recommendations are based largely on
epidemiological studies of liver damage. 2. Recent
investigations indicate that alcoholic brain damage
is much more common than previously suspected. More
information is required about its natural history
and the characteristics of individuals most likely
to suffer damage. 3. Thiamin (vitamin B1)
deficiency has long been associated with brain
damage and may result from a number of additive
causes in the alcoholic patient. New information
indicating damage to the protein moeity of some of
the thiamin-using enzymes has been reviewed, as
have possible mechanisms of brain cell necrosis.
Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp (NEW ZEALAND)
May-Jun 1988, 3 (3) p172-96 Ethanol, a highly lipid-soluble compound,
appears to exert its effects through interactions
with the cell membrane. Cell membrane alterations
indirectly affect the functioning of
membrane-associated proteins, which function as
channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors. For
example, studies suggest that ethanol exerts an
effect upon the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine-chloride
ionophore receptor complex, thereby accounting for
the biochemical and clinical similarities between
ethanol, benzodiazepines and barbiturates. The
patient with acute ethanol poisoning may present
with symptoms ranging from slurred speech, ataxia
and incoordination to coma, potentially resulting
in respiratory depression and death. At blood
alcohol concentrations of greater than 250 mg% (250
mg% = 250 mg/dl = 2.5 g/L = 0.250%), the patient is
usually at risk of coma. Children and alcohol-naive
adults may experience severe toxicity at blood
alcohol concentrations less than 100 mg%, whereas
alcoholics may demonstrate significant impairment
only at concentrations greater than 300 mg%. Upon
presentation of a patient suspected of acute
ethanol poisoning, cardiovascular and respiratory
stabilisation should be assured. Thiamine (vitamin
B1) and then dextrose should be administered, and
the blood alcohol concentration measured.
Subsequent to stabilisation, alternative
aetiologies for the signs and symptoms observed
should be considered. There are presently no agents
available for clinical use that will reverse the
acute effects of ethanol. Treatment consists of
supportive care and close observation until the
blood alcohol concentration decreases to a
non-toxic level. In the non-dependent adult,
ethanol is metabolised at the rate of approximately
15 mg%/hour. Haemodialysis may be considered in
cases of a severely ill child or comatose adult.
Follow-up may include referral for counselling for
alcohol abuse, suicide attempts, or parental
neglect (in children). The ethanol withdrawal
syndrome may be observed in the ethanol- ependent
patient within 8 hours of the last drink, with
blood alcohol concentrations in excess of 200 mg%.
Symptoms consist of tremor, nausea and vomiting,
increased blood pressure and heart rate, paroxysmal
sweats, depression, and anxiety. Alterations in the
GABA-benzodiazepine-chloride receptor complex,
noradrenergic overactivity, and
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation are
suggested explanations for withdrawal
symptomatology.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (ENGLAND) Apr
1986, 49 (4) p341-5 A recent necropsy study has shown that 80% of
patients with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome were
not diagnosed as such during life. Review of the
clinical signs of these cases revealed that only
16% had the classical clinical triad and 19% had no
documented clinical signs. The incidence of
clinical signs in this and other retrospective
pathological studies is very different from that of
prospective clinical studies. This discrepancy may
relate to "missed" clinical signs but the magnitude
of the difference suggests that at least some cases
of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be the end
result of repeated subclinical episodes of vitamin
B1 deficiency. In order to make the diagnosis,
clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion
in the "at risk" group of patients, particularly
alcoholics. Investigations of thiamine status may
be helpful and if the diagnosis is suspected,
parenteral thiamine should be given.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res (SWITZERLAND) 1977, 47 (4)
p325-35 Thiamine status of 196 institutionalised (in
hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered
dwelling) and non-institutionalised Caucasian aged
subjects was assessed by combined dietary,
biochemical and clinical studies. Fourteen subjects
(7.1 per cent) consumed less than two-thirds of
recommended vitamin B1/DAY. Erythrocyte
transketolas activity coefficient (a) test
indicated biochemical deficiency of thiamine in
17.6 per cent males and 12.5 per cent females. The
incidence of deficiency was highest in subjects of
sheltered dwelling. Multivitamin supplementation
failed to raise the biochemical thiamine status to
normal in 2.9 per cent subjects. No characteristic
clinical features of thiamine deficiency were
noted, though extreme loss of appetite was reported
by 3 subject with activity coefficient greater than
1.30. Dietary intake was not always associated with
deficient biochemical indices. The possible factors
such as alcohol intake and low folate status
affecting the biochemical status of thiamine are
discussed.
Schweiz Med Wochenschr (SWITZERLAND) Oct 23
1976, 106 (43) p1466-70 50 chronic alcoholics reporting to the medical
emergency ward of Basle University Hospital with
alcohol-related illness were examined with respect
to thiamine nutritional status by means of the
transketolase activation test of erythrocytes (ETK).
46% of the chronic alcoholics, compared to only 2%
of the control population (1152 healthy adults),
had transketolase activation quotients indicating a
strong probability of thiamine deficiency (alphaETK
greater than 1.25). The most important symptoms
associated with the biochemical parameters of
thiamine deficiency were: anemia, pathologic liver
functions (bilirubin, gamma-globulins), low
diastolic blood pressure and Wernicke's
encephalopathy. There was a statistically
significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between
these symptoms and the biochemical parameters for
thiamine deficiency. Therefore, when treating
chronic alcoholics, these symptoms should direct
attention to a possible vitamin B1 deficiency.
Since the enzymatic vitamin B1 parameters correlate
with the patients' hemoglobin, our results would be
consistent with anemia influenced by provision of
thiamine.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun (UNITED STATES) Mar 7
1996, 220 (1) p113-9 Nonenzymatic glycation of proteins by glucose
leading to the formation of toxic and immunogenic
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be a
major contributor to the pathological
manifestations of diabetes mellitus, aging, and,
possibly, neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer's. We tested the in vitro inhibition of
antigenic AGE formation on bovine serum albumin,
ribonuclease A, and human hemoglobin by various
vitamin B1 and B6 derivatives. Among the
inhibitors, pyridoxamine and thiamine pyrophosphate
potently inhibited AGE formation and were more
effective than aminoguanidine, suggesting that
these two compounds may have novel therapeutic
potential in preventing vascular complications of
diabetes. An unexpected finding was that
aminoguanidine inhibited the late kinetic stages of
glycation much more weakly than the early phase.
Fernandez-Banares F.; Abad-Lacruz A.; Xiol X.; Gine J.J.; Dolz C.; Cabre E.; Esteve M.; Gonzalez-Huix F.; Gassull M.A. Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Bellvitge 'Princeps d'Espanya', Barcelona Spain AM. J. GASTROENTEROL. (USA), 1989, 84/7
(744-748) The status of water- and fat-soluble vitamins
was prospectively evaluated in 23 patients (13 men,
10 women, mean age 33 plus or minus 3 yr) admitted
to the hospital with acute or subacute attacks of
inflammatory bowel disease. Protein-energy status
was also assessed by means of simultaneous
measurement of triceps skin-fold thickness, mid-arm
muscle circumference, and serum albumin. Fifteen
patients (group A) had extensive acute colitis
(ulcerative or Crohn's colitis), and eight cases
(group B) had small bowel or ileocecal Crohn's
disease. Eighty-nine healthy subjects (36 men, 53
women, mean age 34 plus or minus 2 yr) acted as
controls. In both groups of patients, the levels of
biotin, folate, beta-carotene, and vitamins A, C,
and B1 were significantly lower than in controls (p
< 0.05). Plasma levels of vitamin B12 were
decreased only in group B (p < 0.01), whereas
riboflavin was lower in group A (p < 0.01). The
percentage of patients at risk of developing
hypovitaminosis was 40% or higher for vitamin A,
beta-carotene, folate, biotin, vitamin C, and
thiamin in both groups of patients. Although some
subjects had extremely low vitamin values, in no
case were clinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency
observed. Only a weak correlation was found between
protein-energy nutritional parameters and vitamin
values, probably due to the small size of the
sample studied. The pathophysiological and clinical
implications of the suboptimal vitamin status
observed in acute inflammatory bowel disease are
unknown. Further studies on long-term vitamin
status and clinical outcome in these patients are
necessary.
Metabolic Brain Disease (USA), 1996, 11/3
(217-228) Previous studies have identified alcohol,
thiamine deficiency and liver disease as
contributing to the neuropathology of
alcohol-related brain damage. In order to examine
the effects of alcohol toxicity and thiamine
deficiency on serotonergic neurons in the median
raphe nucleus (MnR), alcoholic and previously
published Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) cases
without liver disease, were compared with
age-matched non-alcoholic controls. While there was
no difference between the estimated number of
serotonergic neurons in either controls or
alcoholics without WKS (means of 63,010plus or
minus8,900 and 59,560plus or minus8,010
respectively), a substantial loss of serotonergic
neurons was previously found in WKS cases (mean of
19,050plus or minus13,140). Further analysis
revealed a significant difference in the maximum
daily alcohol consumption between these groups.
However, analysis of covariance showed that the
number or serotonergic neurons in the MnR did not
correlate with the amount of alcohol consumed.
Therefore, our results suggest that cell loss in
the MnR can be attributed to thiamine deficiency
rather than alcohol per se.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res (SWITZERLAND) 1993, 63 (2)
p140-4 Changes in circulating and tissue concentrations
of several vitamins have been reported in diabetic
animals and human subjects. In this study, the
effect of short-term (2 weeks) streptozotocin
diabetes on folate, B6, B12, thiamin, nicotinate,
pantothenate, riboflavin and biotin in liver,
kidney, pancreas, heart, brain and skeletal muscle
of rats was investigated. The tissue distribution
of vitamins varied widely in normal rats. Diabetes
significantly lowered folate in kidney, heart,
brain, and muscle; B6 in brain; B12 in heart;
thiamin in liver and heart; nicotinate in liver,
kidney, heart and brain; pantothenate in all
tissues; riboflavin in liver, kidney, heart, and
muscle. These results indicate that experimental
diabetes causes a depression of several
water-soluble vitamins in various tissues of rats.
Z Ernahrungswiss (GERMANY, WEST) Mar 1980, 19
(1) p1-13 Investigations on the vitamin pattern of
diabetic neuropathy: thiamine, riboflavin,
pyridoxine, cobalamin and tocopherol. The contents
of the vitamins mentioned above have been measured
in the blood of 119 patients (53 diabetic
neuropathies, 66 diabetics without neuropathy). The
incidence of neuropathy shows a strong correlation
with the duration of the diabetic state, but not
with sex, nor with concomitant diseases such as
adipositas, hypertension, heart and circulatory
diseases, except retinopathia diabetica. Most of
the diabetics in our study are well supplied with
vitamins B1, B2, and E; B6 and B12 are occasionally
low, but there is no statistically relevant
difference between diabetic controls and
neuropathies. Adipose patients have neither a
markedly different vitamin content nor a different
calory uptake from non-adipose patients. A general
trend towards reduced total calory uptake is seen
in old age, men (lower protein intake) and women
(lower carbohydrate intake) obviously differing
somewhat in their habits. The influence of therapy
on the vitamin pattern is not clear cut, except for
patients under diet and biguanide-therapy showing a
higher proportion of low or subnormal B12 values.
The increased frequency of neuropathies in patients
treated with sulfonyl-urea approaches only the
limits of significance and needs further
investigations.
J Am Diet Assoc (UNITED STATES) May 1981, 78 (5)
p477-82 Toxemia in pregnancy is characterized by a
combination of at least two of the following
clinical symptoms: hypertension, edema, and
proteinuria. In this study the dietary intakes of
young pregnant women attending a Maternal and
Infant Care Program at Tuskegee Institute were
evaluated for selected vitamins and minerals. Women
with toxemia were identified, and women without
toxemia served as controls. The toxemia group
generally consumed lesser amounts of vitamins and
minerals than the controls. However, both groups
were deficient (less than two-thirds RDA) in
calcium, magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and
thiamin. Milk, meat, and grains supplied an
appreciable proportion of each vitamin except
vitamin A, which was found primarily in the two
vegetable groups. Meat and grains contained the
greatest quantities of minerals, but milk provided
a relatively good proportion of potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus. Anemia was not related
to the incidence of toxemia. Women exhibiting
anemia consumed smaller amounts of vitamins studied
than did women without anemia.
COMPR. THER. (USA), 1990, 16/4 (62) It has long been known that an inadequate diet
lacking in certain essential vitamins can cause
ocular disorders. On an Egyptian papyrus dated
about 1500 BC, it is recorded that liver was used
as a food to cure night blindness. Healthy eyes
depend on a well-balanced diet. Vitamin A maintains
the normal function of the epithelial cells of the
eye and is essential for the synthesis of visual
photosensitive pigments. Deficiencies of vitamin A
lead to clinical manifestations including night
blindness, conjunctival pigmentation, and dry eyes.
The B vitamins are important for maintaining good
vision. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency produces
optic nerve dysfunction. Vitamin B12 deficiency can
produce vascular changes in the retina. Deficiency
of riboflavin (part of the B complex) has been
implicated in the formation of cataracts and may
also be a factor in producting xerophthalmia (dry
eyes). Vitamin C is necessary to prevent scurvy.
The scorbutic manifestations in the eyes are
bleeding from the lids, conjunctiva, anterior
chamber, and retina. Vitamin C deficiency may also
be a factor in cataract formation. Finally, vitamin
K deficiency causes retinal hemorrhages in
neonates. Deficiencies of vitamin D and E have not
been shown to have a negative effect on the visual
process, but vitamin E therapy improves retrolental
fibroplasia (retinopathy of prematurity). |
THE 3D STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B1 |
| Vitamin
B1, Thiamine, aneurine, releases energy from
carbohydrate, alcohol and fat. It is an anti-neuritic
factor, the absence of which from the diet of animal
leads to the disease beri-beri, and from that of
mammals and birds to polyneurtics, the most
fundamental symptoms of which is general nervous
atrophy. Thiamine pyrophosphate. The biochemically active derivative of thiamine, the pyrophosphate ester of thiamine. It is coenzyme which is concerned in a number of important metabolic process. These include the decarboxylation of alpha-oxoglutaric acid in citric acid cycle and the conversion of alanine, via pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A. The actions of thiamine pyrophosphate are all similar in that they involve the intermediacy of the active aldehyde attached (as carbinol substituents) to the thiaole ring at position 2. Good sources of sources Vitamin B1 are yeast eggs and germ of cereals. It is not present in polished rice and other highly purified cereal products. The minimum required daily dose is believed to be about 2 mg. |
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| The 3D structures are visualized using the Chemscape Chime browser plug-in. |
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Other "Molecules of the Month" |
Copyright © Karl Harrison 1997 |
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