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NLM database Documents
Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and
their relevance to heart disease.
- Author
- Palace VP; Khaper N; Qin Q; Singal PK
- Address
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General
Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- Source
- Free Radic Biol Med, 1999 Mar, 26:5-6, 746-61
- Abstract
- Despite being one of the first vitamins to be discovered,
the full range of biological activities for vitamin A
remains to be defined. Structurally similar to vitamin A,
carotenoids are a group of nearly 600 compounds. Only about
50 of these have provitamin A activity. Recent evidence has
shown vitamin A, carotenoids and provitamin A carotenoids
can be effective antioxidants for inhibiting the development
of heart disease. Vitamin A must be obtained from the diet:
green and yellow vegetables, dairy products, fruits and
organ meats are some of the richest sources. Within the
body, vitamin A can be found as retinol, retinal and
retinoic acid. Because all of these forms are toxic at high
concentrations, they are bound to proteins in the
extracellular fluids and inside cells. Vitamin A is stored
primarily as long chain fatty esters and as provitamin
carotenoids in the liver, kidney and adipose tissue. The
antioxidant activity of vitamin A and carotenoids is
conferred by the hydrophobic chain of polyene units that can
quench singlet oxygen , neutralize thiyl radicals and
combine with and stabilize peroxyl radicals. In general, the
longer the polyene chain, the greater the peroxyl radical
stabilizing ability. Because of their structures, vitamin A
and carotenoids can autoxidize when O2 tension increases,
and thus are most effective antioxidants at low oxygen
tensions that are typical of physiological levels found in
tissues. Overall, the epidemiological evidence suggests that
vitamin A and carotenoids are important dietary factors for
reducing the incidence of heart disease. Although there is
considerable discrepancy in the results from studies in
humans regarding this relationship, carefully controlled
experimental studies continue to indicate that these
compounds are effective for mitigating and defending against
many forms of cardiovascular disease. More work, especially
concerning the relevance of how tissue concentrations,
rather than plasma levels, relate to the progression of
tissue damage in heart disease is required. This review
assembles information regarding the basic structure and
metabolism of vitamin A and carotenoids as related to their
antioxidant activities. Epidemiological, intervention trials
and experimental evidence about the effectiveness of vitamin
A and carotenoids for reducing cardiovascular disease is
also reviewed.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99233033
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Carotenoids|*PD/*TU; Heart Diseases|*PC/PP/TH; Vitamin
A|*PD/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Antioxidants|PD/TU; Diet; Fruit; Human; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't; Vegetables
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0891-5849
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The synergistic effects of vitamin E and selenium in
iron-overloaded mouse hearts.
- Author
- Bartfay WJ; Hou D; Brittenham GM; Bartfay E; Sole MJ;
Lehotay D; Liu PP
- Address
- Centre For Cardiovascular Research, Toronto Hospital,
Ontario.
- Source
- Can J Cardiol, 1998 Jul, 14:7, 937-41
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To determine whether supplementation with
vitamin E and selenium can improve myocardial antioxidant
defenses in iron-overloaded mouse hearts. INTERVENTIONS:
Iron-overload state was created in B6D2F1 mice (n = 20) by
daily injection of iron dextran (5 mg intraperitoneally/mouse)
for four weeks. The mice were also simultaneously randomly
assigned to receive vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate, 40
mg intraperitoneally, n = 5), selenium (sodium selenite, 1
part/million orally, n = 5), both (vitamin E + selenium, n =
5) or iron-only treatment (n = 5). The hearts were harvested
for determination of selenium concentration and glutathione
peroxidase activity. In a subsequent study, 15 B6D2F1 mice
were randomly assigned to receive daily injections of iron
(n = 5) or iron and combined antioxidant treatment (vitamin
E + selenium, n = 5), or to serve as controls (n = 5) for
four weeks. The hearts were harvested for determination of
total iron concentrations. MAIN RESULTS: Significantly
greater concentrations of heart selenium and glutathione
peroxidase activity were observed in groups supplemented
with both agents, as opposed to iron-only treated or single
supplemented mice. Significantly lower concentrations of
iron were found in controls and in those receiving combined
iron and antioxidant treatment (vitamin E + selenium) than
in iron-only treated mice. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E and
selenium function synergistically in the myocardium to
provide important antioxidant defenses in iron-overload
states, including increased concentrations of selenium,
increased glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased
concentrations of iron.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98371553
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Iron|*AD/AE; Myocardial Diseases|CI/*DT; Selenium|*AD/PD;
Vitamin E|*AD/PD
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response
Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Heart|DE; Human; Mice;
Overdose; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW LITERATURE
- ISSN
- 0828-282X
- Country of Publication
- CANADA
Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.
- Author
- Ness AR; Powles JW; Khaw KT
- Address
- Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site,
Cambridge, UK.
- Source
- J Cardiovasc Risk, 1996 Dec, 3:6, 513-21
- Abstract
- BACKGROUND: Laboratory studies suggest that antioxidants,
such as Vitamin C, are important inhibitors of
atherosclerotic lesions. Most epidemiological reviews have
considered all antioxidants together. This review seeks to
clarify the current state of knowledge specifically
concerned with vitamin C. METHODS: All ecological studies,
case-control studies, prospective studies and trials in
humans that examined the association between vitamin C
intake or blood levels of vitamin C and cardiovascular
disease were included. Relevant references were located by
MEDLINE search for articles published from 1966 to 1996, by
an EMBASE search for articles published from 1980 to 1996,
by searching personal bibliographies, books and reviews and
from citations in located articles. RESULTS: For coronary
heart disease four of seven ecological studies, one of four
case-control studies and three of 12 cohort studies found a
significant protective association with vitamin C intake or
status. For strokes two of two ecological studies, none of
one case-control study and two of seven cohort studies found
a significant protective association. For total circulatory
disease, two of three cohort studies reported a significant
protective association. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence, albeit
limited, is consistent with vitamin C having protective
effect against stroke whereas the evidence that vitamin C is
protective against coronary heart disease is less
consistent. The lack of an association for coronary heart
disease could be explained in terms of there being a true
lack of effect, dietary measurement error, a threshold
effect, and effect of seasonal variations in intake, an
interaction with other dietary constituents or a relatively
short duration of follow-up.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97254677
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|*AD; Cardiovascular Diseases|*PC; Diet|*
- MeSH Heading
- Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Epidemiologic
Factors; Female; Food, Fortified; Human; Male; Prospective
Studies; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1350-6277
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Most free-radical injury is iron-related: it is promoted
by iron, hemin, holoferritin and vitamin C, and inhibited by
desferoxamine and apoferritin.
- Author
- Herbert V; Shaw S; Jayatilleke E; Stopler Kasdan T
- Address
- Nutrition Center, Mount Sinai, Bronx, New York.
- Source
- Stem Cells (Dayt), 1994 May, 12:3, 289-303
- Abstract
- Iron is a double-edged sword. In moderate quantities and
leashed to protein, it is an essential element in all cell
metabolism and growth, but it is toxic when unleashed.
Because of its ability to switch back and forth between
ferrous and ferric oxidation states, iron is both a strong
biological oxidant and reductant. The human diet contains a
multitude of natural chemicals which are carcinogens and
anticarcinogens, many of which act by generating oxygen
radicals, which initiate degenerative processes related to
cancer, heart disease and aging (the "oxygen radical
hypothesis of aging"). Among these many dietary
chemicals are many redox agents, including vitamin C and
beta carotene. Free radical damage is produced primarily by
the hydroxyl radical (.OH). Most of the .OH generated in
vivo comes from iron-dependent reduction of H2O2. Supporting
too much iron as a free radical-generating culprit in the
risk of cancer, NHANES I data indicated that high body iron
stores, manifested by increased transferrin saturation, are
associated with an increased cancer risk. Other data shows
an increased heart attack risk.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94355914
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Apoferritin|*PD; Ascorbic Acid|*PD; Deferoxamine|*PD;
Diet|*; Ferritin|*PD; Hemin|*PD; Iron|*TO; Neoplasms|CI/*ET;
Superoxides|*
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Carcinogens; Free
Radicals; Heart Diseases|ET; Human; Oxidation-Reduction;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 1066-5099
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Interacting nutritional and infectious etiologies of
Keshan disease. Insights from coxsackie virus B-induced
myocarditis in mice deficient in selenium or vitamin E.
- Author
- Levander OA; Beck MA
- Address
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville
Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, ARS, MD 20705-2350, USA.
- Source
- Biol Trace Elem Res, 1997 Jan, 56:1, 5-21
- Abstract
- In 1979, Chinese scientists reported that selenium had
been linked to Keshan disease, an endemic juvenile
cardiomyopathy found in China. However, certain
epidemiological features of the disease could not be
explained solely on the basis of inadequate selenium
nutrition. Fluctuations in the seasonal incidence of the
disease suggested involvement of an infectious agent.
Indeed, a coxsackievirus B4 isolated from a Keshan disease
victim caused more heart muscle damage when inoculated into
selenium-deficient mice than when given to selenium-adequate
mice. Those results led us to study the relationship of
nutritional status to viral virulence. Coxsackievirus B3/0
(CVB3/0), did not cause disease when inoculated into mice
fed adequate levels of Se and vitamin E. However, mice fed
diets deficient in either Se or vitamin E developed heart
lesions when infected with CVB3/0. To determine if the
change in viral phenotype was maintained, we passaged virus
isolated from Se-deficient hosts, designated as CVB3/0 Se-,
back into Se-adequate hosts. The CVB3/0 Se- virus caused
disease in Se-adequate mice. To determine if the phenotype
change was due to changes in the viral genome, we sequenced
viruses isolated from Se-deficient mice and compared them
with the input CVB3/0 virus. Six point mutations differed
between the parent strain and the recovered CVB3/0 Se-
isolates. When the experiment was repeated using vitamin
E-deficient mice, the same 6 point mutations were found.
This is the first report of a specific host nutritional
deficiency altering viral genotype. Keshan disease may be
the result of several interacting causes including a
dominant nutritional deficiency (selenium), other
nutritional factors (vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty
acids), and an infectious agent (virus).
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97297039
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Coxsackieviruses B|GE/*PY; Myocardial Diseases|*ET;
Selenium|*DF; Vitamin E Deficiency|*CO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Human; Mice;
Myocarditis|ET; Nutritional Status; Oxidative Stress;
Virulence
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0163-4984
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a review.
- Author
- Simon JA
- Address
- Prevention Sciences Group of the University of California,
San Francisco, School of Medicine.
- Source
- J Am Coll Nutr, 1992 Apr, 11:2, 107-25
- Abstract
- Vitamin C functions as a regulator of the catabolism of
cholesterol to bile acids in the guinea pig and has been
demonstrated to be an important factor in lipid regulation
of the guinea pig, rabbit and rat. Correlation studies in
humans have shown an inverse relationship between vitamin C
intake and cardiovascular disease mortality. Observational
and experimental studies in humans have yielded inconsistent
results, but taken together indicate that for individuals
with high total cholesterol concentrations, greater than or
equal to 5.20 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) and less than full tissue
saturation, increasing the concentration of vitamin C may
have a salutary effect on total cholesterol. Vitamin C's
effect on promoting the production and inhibiting the
degradation of prostacyclin is reviewed, as are implications
of these findings regarding thrombosis and atherogenesis.
Evidence indicative of a protective effect on lipid
peroxidation by vitamin C is examined. Analysis of the
literature regarding groups at high risk for coronary heart
disease reveals that men, the elderly, smokers, diabetics,
hypertensives and perhaps oral estrogen-containing
contraceptive users have lowered plasma vitamin C levels.
Evidence linking vitamin C to human cardiovascular disease
is largely circumstantial, but taken in total, is suggestive
of an association. Further examination of the relationship
between vitamin C and cardiovascular disease is warranted.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92251056
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|*PH/TU; Cardiovascular Diseases|ET/*PC;
Cholesterol|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Blood Pressure; Hemostasis; Human; Lipid
Peroxidation; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0731-5724
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Will the 'good fairies' please prove to us that vitamin E
lessens human degenerative disease? [corrected and
republished in Free Radic Res 1997 Nov;27(5):511-32]
- Author
- Diplock AT
- Address
- International Antioxidant Research Centre, United Medical
and Dental School (University of London) Guy's Hospital,
United Kingdom.
- Source
- Free Radic Res, 1997 Jun, 26:6, 565-83
- Abstract
- Recent research about the role of free radical derivatives
of oxygen and nitrogen in biological systems has highlighted
the possibility that antioxidants, such as vitamin E, that
prevent these processes in vitro may be capable of carrying
out a similar function in living organisms in vivo. There is
increasing evidence that free radical reactions are involved
in the early stages, or sometimes later on, in the
development of human diseases, and it is therefore of
particular interest to inquire whether vitamin E and other
antioxidants, which are found in the human diets, may be
capable of lowering the incidence of these diseases. Put
simply, the proposition is that by improving human diets by
increasing the quantity in them of antioxidants, it might be
possible to reduce the incidence of a number of degenerative
diseases. Of particular significance to these considerations
is the likely role of the primary fat-soluble dietary
antioxidant vitamin E in the prevention of degenerative
diseases such as arteriosclerosis, which is frequently the
cause of consequent heart attacks or stroke, and prevention
of certain forms of cancer, as well as several other
diseases. Substantial evidence for this proposition now
exists, and this review is an attempt to give a brief
account of the present position. Two kinds of evidence
exist; on the one hand there is very substantial basic
science evidence which indicates an involvement of free
radical events, and a preventive role for vitamin E, in the
development of human disease processes. On the other hand,
there is also a large body of human epidemiological evidence
which suggests that incidence of these diseases is lowered
in populations having a high level of antioxidants, such as
vitamin E, in their diet, or who have taken steps to enhance
their level of intake of the vitamin by taking dietary
supplements. There is also some evidence which suggests that
intervention with dietary supplements of vitamin E can
result in a lowered risk of disease, in particular of
cardiovascular disease, which is a major killer disease
among the developed nations of the world. The intense
interest in this subject recently has as its objective the
possibility that, by making some simple alterations to
dietary lifestyle, or by enhancing the intake of vitamin E
by fortification of foods, or by dietary supplements, it may
be possible to reduce substantially the risk of a large
amount of common, highly disabling human disease. By this
simple means, therefore it may be possible to improve
substantially the quality of human life, in particular for
people of advancing years.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97355869
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Antioxidants|*ME; Vitamin E|*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Atherosclerosis|ET; Cardiovascular Diseases|PC; DNA|ME;
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|ME; Free Radicals; Human; Lipid
Peroxides|ME; Lipoproteins|BL; Membrane Lipids|ME;
Neoplasms|ET/PC
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 1071-5762
- Country of Publication
- SWITZERLAND
Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Will the 'good fairies' please prove to us that vitamin E
lessens human degenerative disease? [corrected and
republished article originally printed in Free Radic Res
1997 Jun;26(6):565-83]
- Author
- Diplock AT
- Address
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, United
Medical and Dental School (University of London), Guy's
Hospital, United Kingdom.
- Source
- Free Radic Res, 1997 Nov, 27:5, 511-32
- Abstract
- Recent research about the role of free radical derivatives
of oxygen and nitrogen in biological systems has highlighted
the possibility that antioxidants, such as vitamin E, that
prevent these processes in vitro may be capable of carrying
out a similar function in living organisms in vivo. There is
increasing evidence that free radical reactions are involved
in the early stages, or sometimes later on, in the
development of human diseases, and it is therefore of
particular interest to inquire whether vitamin E and other
antioxidants, which are found in the human diets, may be
capable of lowering the incidence of these diseases. Put
simply, the proposition is that by improving human diets by
increasing the quantity in them of antioxidants, it might be
possible to reduce the incidence of a number of degenerative
diseases. Of particular significance to these considerations
is the likely role of the primary fat-soluble dietary
antioxidant vitamin E in the prevention of degenerative
diseases such as arteriosclerosis, which is frequently the
cause of consequent heart attacks or stroke, and prevention
of certain forms of cancer, as well as several other
diseases. Substantial evidence for this proposition now
exists, and this review is an attempt to give a brief
account of the present position. Two kinds of evidence
exist; on the one hand there is very substantial basic
science evidence which indicates an involvement of free
radical events, and a preventive role for vitamin E, in the
development of human disease processes. On the other hand,
there is also a large body of human epidemiological evidence
which suggests that incidence of these diseases is lowered
in populations having a high level of antioxidants, such as
vitamin E, in their diet, or who have taken steps to enhance
their level of intake of the vitamin by taking dietary
supplements. There is also some evidence which suggests that
intervention with dietary supplements of vitamin E can
result in a lowered risk of disease, in particular of
cardiovascular disease, which is a major killer disease
among the developed nations of the world. The intense
interest in this subject recently has as its objective the
possibility that, by making some simple alterations to
dietary lifestyle, or by enhancing the intake of vitamin E
by fortification of foods, or by dietary supplements, it may
be possible to reduce substantially the risk of a large
amount of common, highly disabling human disease. By this
simple means, therefore it may be possible to improve
substantially the quality of human life, in particular for
people of advancing years.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98139362
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Aging, Premature|*PC; Antioxidants|*TU;
Atherosclerosis|*PC; Cardiovascular Diseases|*PC; Neoplasms|*PC;
Vitamin E|*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Human
- Publication Type
- CORRECTED AND REPUBLISHED ARTICLE; JOURNAL ARTICLE;
REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1071-5762
- Country of Publication
- SWITZERLAND
Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Clinical uses of vitamin E.
- Author
- Machlin LJ
- Address
-
- Source
- Acta Vitaminol Enzymol, 1985, 7 Suppl:, 33-43
- Abstract
- Early administration of vitamin E to low birth weight
(less than 1500 g) infants results in alleviation of the
symptoms of retinopathy of prematurity and a lowered
incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. If vitamin E is
given to children with cholestatic liver disease (orally or
parenterally) before 3 years of age, neurological symptoms
such as areflexia, ataxia, and sensory neuropathy are
prevented or reversed. Restitution of neurological function
is more limited in children ages 5-17 years even after
prolonged therapy. Vitamin E is also useful in prevention of
neuropathy and retinopathy associated with
abetalipoproteinemia and cystic fibrosis. Blood levels of
tocopherol are often low in subjects with hemolytic anemias.
Administration of vitamin E to G-6-P-D-deficient subjects
increased hemoglobin levels, and decreased the number of
irreversibly sickled cells in sickle-cell anemia subjects.
Most trials have indicated that administration of vitamin E
for 6 months or more to subjects with intermittent
claudication results in longer walking distance and improved
blood flow. Vitamin E reduces platelet aggregation, platelet
adhesion to collagen, and platelet thromboxane production.
Prostacyclin production is generally enhanced. The
significance of these effects to thrombotic diseases.
Epidemiological studies have indicated that subjects with
higher blood levels of vitamin E have lower risk of death
from ischemic heart disease and cancer, a lower risk of
breast cancer, and a lower incidence of infections.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87045643
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Vitamin E|BL/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic|BL; Blood
Platelets|DE; Breast Neoplasms|BL; Child; Child, Preschool;
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic|DT; Coronary Disease|BL;
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency|BL; Human; Infant;
Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant,
Premature; Retinal Diseases|PC
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
- ISSN
- 0300-8924
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Therapeutic potential of vitamin E against myocardial
ischemic-reperfusion injury.
- Author
- Janero DR
- Address
- Research Department, CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, Summit, NJ
07901.
- Source
- Free Radic Biol Med, 1991, 10:5, 315-24
- Abstract
- Myocardial ischemia is a disease process characterized by
reduced coronary flow such that the supply of nutritive
blood to heart muscle (myocardium) is insufficient for
normal myocardial aerobic metabolism. Prompt reestablishment
of coronary flow by invasive and noninvasive clinical
procedures is the most direct and effective means of
limiting myocardial damage in ischemic heart disease
patients, although reperfusion carries with it an injury
component which may reflect, at least to some degree, the
toxic effects of partially reduced oxygen species and their
participation in degenerative cellular processes such as
membrane lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E, a lipophilic,
chain-breaking antioxidant, is a prominent membrane
constituent in heart muscle, where it modulates/regulates
various aspects of heart muscle-cell metabolism and
function. Vitamin E's beneficial effects against
experimentally induced oxidative damage to the heart, along
with inverse epidemiological correlations between plasma
vitamin E level and either anginal pain or mortality due to
ischemic heart disease, suggest that vitamin E might have
protective and therapeutic roles against myocardial
ischemic-reperfusion injury. Laboratory investigations aimed
at addressing this possibility have demonstrated that
vitamin E supplementation protects isolated hearts against
ischemic-reperfusion injury, and relatively more
inconsistent and limited data document cardioprotective
effects of vitamin E in some animal models of myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion, especially when administered prior to
the ischemic period. Clinical attempts to establish whether
vitamin E has therapeutic benefit in ischemic heart disease
patients remain inconclusive, having relied upon a variety
of nonuniformly controlled protocols and a single, rather
subjective endpoint (anginal pain). Consequently, although
laboratory data constitute a conceptual context for and
indirect support of the idea that vitamin E could be a
cardioprotectant against ischemic-reperfusion injury,
compelling clinical evidence regarding vitamin E's
therapeutic potential in the ischemic heart-disease patient
is lacking. Elective coronary revascularization would appear
to provide an attractive clinical setting for evaluating the
therapeutic efficacy of vitamin E in the context of cardiac
ischemia-reperfusion. Further biochemical work would still
be required to define how vitamin E exerts any
cardioprotective effect observed in these patients.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91309902
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury|*PC; Vitamin E|*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Antioxidants; Free Radicals; Human; Nutritional
Status
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0891-5849
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Coronary heart disease: the significance of coronary
pathology in infancy and the role of mitogens such as
vitamin D.
- Author
- Davies H
- Address
- Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK.
- Source
- Med Hypotheses, 1989 Nov, 30:3, 179-85
- Abstract
- Intimal hyperplasia, damage to the internal elastic
lamina, and proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells
characterise the early response of an artery to damage.
These changes are seen in the coronary arteries of the
transplanted human heart, and are commonly seen in
"normal" infants. Lipid incursion occurs only
later, and the end-result is atheroma. These lesions of
infancy are probably pathologic rather than physiologic, and
are the precursors of later coronary heart disease. The
early intimal and medial changes may be immune-engendered,
encouraged by mitogens such as Vitamin D, and evolve in
infancy as an aberration of the normal mechanisms
controlling cellular proliferation.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90097666
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Coronary Disease|ME/*PA/PP; Vitamin D|*ME/PH
- MeSH Heading
- Cell Division|DE; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0306-9877
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E and heart disease: a case study.
- Author
- Kushi LH
- Address
- Division of Epidemiology, the University of Minnesota
School of Public Health, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA. kushi@epi.umn.edu
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1999 Jun, 69:6, 1322S-1329S
- Abstract
- The role of nutritional epidemiology studies in the
development of nutritional recommendations has been
controversial, in part because individual studies supporting
either side of a given issue can often be identified.
Several sets of criteria for inference of a causal relation
between a dietary factor and a disease from epidemiologic
studies have been suggested. One such set is that of Sir
Austin Bradford Hill, which includes criteria such as
strength of association, dose-response relation, consistency
of association, temporally correct association, specificity
of association, and biological plausibility. Another set of
criteria, used by the US Preventive Services Task Force,
ranks evidence according to study design, designating
evidence from randomized controlled trials as superior to
evidence from cohort or case-control studies, which are in
turn superior to evidence from ecologic studies or opinions
of respected authorities. The application of these criteria
to the question of whether vitamin E intake is associated
with coronary heart disease is examined here. It is
suggested that the epidemiologic evidence from prospective
cohort studies generally supports an inverse association of
vitamin E intake and risk of coronary heart disease. The
information available from randomized trials is limited but
suggestive of an inverse association with nonfatal, but not
with fatal, coronary events. It is suggested that the
application of criteria for causal inference to specific
questions in nutritional epidemiology may provide clarity to
seemingly contradictory information.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99285765
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Coronary Disease|*PC; Vitamin E|AD/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Causality; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epidemiologic
Studies; Female; Human; Male
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, MULTICASE
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E as a universal antioxidant and stabilizer of
biological membranes.
- Author
- Evstigneeva RP; Volkov IM; Chudinova VV
- Address
- Lomonosov Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical
Technology. rpe@httos.mitht.msk.ru
- Source
- Membr Cell Biol, 1998, 12:2, 151-72
- Abstract
- The known literature data concerning the mechanisms of
molecular action of vitamin E in biological membrane systems
are reviewed. The role of vitamin E, possessing a broad
range of biological activities, as a universal stabilizer of
biological membranes in normal oxygen metabolism and
peroxidation, and also in disorders of normal metabolism
resulting in pathological alterations, has been discussed.
The participation of vitamin E in redox reactions taking
place in lipid media, its interaction with singlet oxygen,
free fatty acids and enzyme systems are considered.
Physiological effects of vitamin E and its ability to
prevent numerous pathologies are also considered. Vitamin E
was concluded to be a universal participant of antioxidant
defence reactions in biological membranes, since it acts at
all stages of membrane oxidative damage.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99095615
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Antioxidants|*PD; Free Radicals|*ME; Membranes|*PH;
Vitamin E|CH/ME/*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Aging; Ascorbic Acid|ME; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|ME;
Glutathione|ME; Heart Diseases|ME; Human; Kidney Diseases|ME;
Lipid Peroxidation; Liver Diseases|ME; Neoplasms|ME
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1023-6597
- Country of Publication
- SWITZERLAND
Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E supplements and coronary heart disease.
- Author
- Byers T; Bowman B
- Address
- Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341.
- Source
- Nutr Rev, 1993 Nov, 51:11, 333-6
- Abstract
- Although two new epidemiologic studies on the association
between vitamin E and heart disease do not resolve important
issues related to dose-response, mechanisms of action, or
specificity, they do provide important evidence that
supports the development of new strategies for preventing
heart disease.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94150887
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Coronary Disease|EP/*PC; Vitamin E|AD/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0029-6643
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of supplementation with vitamin E on LDL
oxidizability and prevention of atherosclerosis.
- Author
- Suzukawa M; Ayaori M; Shige H; Hisada T; Ishikawa T;
Nakamura H
- Address
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense
Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
- Source
- Biofactors, 1998, 7:1-2, 51-4
- Abstract
- Supplementation of LDL with vitamin E is thought to
protect LDL from oxidative modification and prevent the
development of atherosclerosis. Large epidemiological
studies have revealed that vitamin E levels in plasma are
inversely correlated to the incidence of coronary heart
disease. Double-blind placebo-controlled trials have
reported that supplementation with vitamin E decreases the
incidence of coronary events in coronary heart disease (CHD)
patients. However, it is not clear how high a dose of
vitamin E is needed to prevent formation of atherosclerosis.
In animal studies, a diet containing 0.125% vitamin E
increased its levels in plasma two-fold and prevented
formation of early atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic
aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Dose-response studies
in humans have reported that 400 IU/day vitamin E increased
its levels in plasma two-fold and prolonged the lag time
before LDL oxidation. It has been reported that
oxidizability of LDL was correlated to the atherosclerotic
score of coronary angiography in CHD patients. About 400
IU/day vitamin E, which increases its levels two-fold and
prolongs sufficiently the lag time before LDL oxidation,
might be beneficial in decreasing the individual risk of CHD.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98183629
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Atherosclerosis|*PC; Lipid Peroxidation|*DE; Lipoproteins,
LDL|*ME; Vitamin E|*AD/BL/TU
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Coronary Disease|BL/MO/PC; Human; Rabbits;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0951-6433
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Inverse correlation of vitamin E and ischemic heart
disease.
- Author
- Gey KF
- Address
-
- Source
- Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl, 1989, 30:, 224-31
- Abstract
- According to animal experiments, deficiency in vitamin E
may be related to arterial lesions. In current
cross-cultural epidemiology of middle-aged men representing
11 European populations with different mortality from
ischemic heart disease (IHD) all principal antioxidant
vitamins and selenium were compared in plasma. The vitamin E
concentration within lipoproteins
(alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio) showed the most
prominent correlation with IHD. This highly significant
correlation seemed to be independent of the risk of coronary
mortality attributable to hypercholesterolemia. The levels
of lipid-standardized vitamin E associated with a relatively
higher IHD risk were still in a range which has hitherto
been considered "normal." The differences between
individuals of lipid-standardized plasma vitamin E were
reflected by corresponding changes of vitamin E in the
erythrocyte and buccal mucosa. On the other hand, membrane
vitamin E varied independently from the level of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the membrane. The
present data suggest that the plasma level of
lipid-standardized vitamin E is a hitherto underrated risk
factor of IHD which may substantially complement previously
known risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia and a
critical state of PUFAs. A conceivable preventive effect of
(an enlarged RDA of) vitamin E remains to be elucidated by
an intervention trial.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90010356
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Coronary Disease|*ET; Vitamin E|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Human; Male; Middle Age; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW LITERATURE
- ISSN
- 0373-0883
- Country of Publication
- CANADA
Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Furosemide and vitamin E. Two problem drugs in
neonatology.
- Author
- Aranda JV; Chemtob S; Laudignon N; Sasyniuk BI
- Address
-
- Source
- Pediatr Clin North Am, 1986 Jun, 33:3, 583-602
- Abstract
- This article focuses on some of the problems encountered
with two of the drugs currently given to newborns.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 86232257
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Furosemide|*AE/TU; Infant, Newborn, Diseases|*DT; Vitamin
E|*AE/TU
- MeSH Heading
- Acid-Base Imbalance|CI; Anemia|DT; Bronchopulmonary
Dysplasia|PC; Cerebral Hemorrhage|PC; Diuresis; Ductus
Arteriosus, Patent|DT; Glomerular Filtration Rate|DE; Heart
Failure, Congestive|DT; Human; Infant, Newborn; Infant,
Premature, Diseases|DT; Kidney Tubules|DE; Pulmonary
Edema|DT; Respiratory Distress Syndrome|DT; Retinal
Diseases|PC; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Water-Electrolyte
Imbalance|CI
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
- ISSN
- 0031-3955
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E: hype or hope.
- Author
- Gray MA
- Address
-
- Source
- Orthop Nurs, 1996 Jul, 15:4, 55-7
- Abstract
- Unlike other vitamins, Vitamin E probably has received
less attention in the past because humans are not likely to
suffer from deficiency disorders. This fat soluble vitamin
is available in many foods, is easily stored, and is readily
reused by the body. The original research carried out in the
1920s found that a Vitamin E deficiency in rats produced
problems in their reproductive capacity. The name given to
the substance at that time, "tocopherol," reflects
this action as it is taken from the Greek word, "tocos,"
meaning "to give birth."
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97022429
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Vitamin E|*/PH/TU; Vitamin E Deficiency|CO/*DT
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Animal; Child; Child, Preschool;
Female; Heart Diseases|PC; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn;
Male; Neoplasms|PC; Nutritional Requirements; Rats
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0744-6020
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 19 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin C-driven free radical generation from iron
[published errata appear in J Nutr 1996 Jun;126(6):1746 and
1996 Jul;126(7):1902]
- Author
- Herbert V; Shaw S; Jayatilleke E
- Address
- The Mount Sinai and Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical
Centers, New York City, NY, USA.
- Source
- J Nutr, 1996 Apr, 126:4 Suppl, 1213S-20S
- Abstract
- Circulating free iron is lethal. Humans have two
circulating iron binding proteins to soak up free iron to
prevent it from generating toxic quantities of free
radicals. These proteins are transferrin, a high-affinity,
low-capacity protein (2 atoms of iron per molecule of
transferrin) for which there are receptors on the surface of
every iron-requiring cell; and ferritin, a lower-affinity,
high-capacity protein (maximum of 4500 atoms of iron per
molecule of ferritin) for which there are receptors only on
the surface of iron-storage cells such as RE (reticulo-endothelial)
cells. Iron is trapped inside the ferritin protein shell as
harmless Fe3. When there is a high serum level of reduced
ascorbic acid, it drives through the pores of the ferritin
protein shell to the inside surface, where it converts the
Fe3 to catalytic Fe2, which then leaks out of the pores of
the ferritin protein shell and generates billions of free
radicals. In normal individuals, per milliliter of serum,
there are approximately 300,000 molecules of transferrin per
molecule of ferritin. Ferritin protein is an acute phase
reactant that sharply rises in the presence of inflammation
of any kind, whereas transferrin is a reverse acute phase
reactant that falls in the presence of inflammation of any
kind.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96239424
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|*PD; Iron|*ME/TO
- MeSH Heading
- Ferritin|ME; Free Radicals; Heart Diseases|TH; Human;
Neoplasms|TH; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0022-3166
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 20 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in prevention of
cardiovascular disease.
- Author
- Stampfer MJ; Rimm EB
- Address
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1995 Dec, 62:6 Suppl, 1365S-1369S
- Abstract
- Ecologic studies of vitamin E have shown that regions with
relatively low dietary vitamin E tend to have higher rates
of coronary heart disease (CHD), but it is difficult to
adjust for other risk factors. Cross-sectional studies in
individuals have yielded conflicting results, as have
prospective studies based on stored blood samples. Two large
prospective studies found that persons who had used vitamin
E supplements for > or = 2 y had approximately 40% lower
rates of CHD. Short durations and doses of < 100 IU/d had
no significant effect. The effect of dietary vitamin E was
modest and nonsignificant. Adjustment for a wide array of
other coronary risk factors had little effect on the
findings, which were specific for vitamin E and not other
supplements. The only large, randomized trial found no
material reduction in CHD risk for 50 IU vitamin E/d. The
epidemiologic evidence suggests that high doses of vitamin E
may reduce the risk of CHD.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96094689
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Coronary Disease|*PC; Vitamin E|*AD
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Diet; Human; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 21 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, and prostate
cancer.
- Author
- Moyad MA; Brumfield SK; Pienta KJ
- Address
- Section of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
48109-0330, USA.
- Source
- Semin Urol Oncol, 1999 May, 17:2, 85-90
- Abstract
- Vitamin E is one of the most researched compounds in
medicine. Vitamin E is actually a general name for
potentially eight different compounds, so supplements can
contain several forms and vitamin E in the diet also differs
from the form found over the counter. There has been a
strong interest in this supplement in the prostate cancer
arena primarily because of a Finnish study that demonstrated
a lower morbidity and mortality from this disease in men
taking 50 mg of synthetic (alpha-tocopherol) vitamin E
daily. In addition, observations from laboratory and
clinical studies dealing with heart disease have found that
gamma-tocopherol may also play a significant role in
prevention; therefore, we decided to test the ability of
this compound (versus synthetic vitamin E) to control the
growth of a human prostate cancer cell line.
Gamma-tocopherol was found to be superior to
alpha-tocopherol in terms of cell inhibition in vitro. Both
forms of vitamin E (and others) should be thoroughly
evaluated in the future to provide the most effective
chemoprevention information to the patient.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99263716
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Prostatic Neoplasms|EP/MO/*PC; Vitamin E|CH/PD/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Dietary Fats; Disease Progression; Drug Screening Assays,
Antitumor; Human; Incidence; Male; Morbidity; Tumor Cells,
Cultured
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1081-0943
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 22 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin C nutriture and risk of atherosclerotic heart
disease.
- Author
- Jacob RA
- Address
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Presidio of San
Francisco, CA 94129, USA.
- Source
- Nutr Rev, 1998 Nov, 56:11, 334-7
- Abstract
- There is substantial evidence for a role of dietary
antioxidants in the prevention of cardiovascular disease,
but evidence for a protective effect of vitamin C is
inconclusive. Two recent reports add to the supporting
evidence and provide some new observations. The first study,
a 5-year prospective population study of Finnish men,
suggests that vitamin C-deficient men may be at increased
risk of myocardial infarction. The second study suggests
that vitamin C may play a role in preventing manifestations
of existing coronary artery disease, rather than in limiting
disease progression. Although these results suffer from the
limitations of observational studies, they provide impetus
for further investigation.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99056178
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|*PH; Atherosclerosis|*/PC; Nutrition|*
- MeSH Heading
- Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Female; Human;
Male; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0029-6643
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 23 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E and atherosclerosis.
- Author
- Chan AC
- Address
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada K1H 8M5.
- Source
- J Nutr, 1998 Oct, 128:10, 1593-6
- Abstract
- Vitamin E was advocated as an effective treatment for
heart disease by Dr. Even Shute of London, Ontario more than
50 years ago. His pioneering claims, which were unacceptable
to the medical community at large, have been confirmed by
recent findings from epidemiologic studies and clinical
trials. This review integrates our current knowledge of
atherogenesis with the biological functions of vitamin E.
The response-to-injury hypothesis explains atherosclerosis
as a chronic inflammatory response to injury of the
endothelium, which leads to complex cellular and molecular
interactions among cells derived from the endothelium,
smooth muscle and several blood cell components.
Inflammatory and other stimuli trigger an overproduction of
free radicals, which promote peroxidation of lipids in LDL
trapped in the subendothelial space. Products of LDL
oxidation are bioactive, and they induce endothelial
expression and secretion of cytokines, growth factors and
several cell surface adhesion molecules. The last-mentioned
are capable of recruiting circulating monocytes and T
lymphocytes into the intima where monocytes are
differentiated into macrophages, the precursor of foam
cells. In response to the growth factors and cytokines,
smooth muscle cells proliferate in the intima, resulting in
the narrowing of the lumen. Oxidized LDL can also inhibit
endothelial production of prostacyclin and nitric oxide, two
potent autacoids that are vasodilators and inhibitors of
platelet aggregation. Evidence is presented that vitamin E
is protective against the development of atherosclerosis.
Vitamin E enrichment has been shown to retard LDL oxidation,
inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, inhibit
platelet adhesion and aggregation, inhibit the expression
and function of adhesion molecules, attenuate the synthesis
of leukotrienes and potentiate the release of prostacyclin
through up-regulating the expression of cytosolic
phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Collectively, these
biological functions of vitamin E may account for its
protection against the development of atherosclerosis.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98445484
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Atherosclerosis|ET/*PC; Muscle, Smooth|*DE/ME; Vitamin
E|*PH/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Arachidonic Acid|ME; Coronary Disease|DT;
Endothelium|DE; Human; Lipid Peroxidation|DE; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0022-3166
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 24 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin nutrition status and homocysteine: an atherogenic
risk factor.
- Author
- Ubbink JB
- Address
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria,
South Africa.
- Source
- Nutr Rev, 1994 Nov, 52:11, 383-7
- Abstract
- In an epidemiologic survey, a marginal status of folic
acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 was shown to be associated
with hyperhomocysteinemia. In a case-control study, a low
plasma folate concentration was associated with increased
coronary heart disease risk. This phenomenon appears to be
mediated by folate's effect on homocysteine metabolism. Both
studies offer further perspectives on homocysteine as an
atherogenic risk factor.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95157879
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Atherosclerosis|*ET; Folic Acid|BL/*PH; Homocysteine|BL/*PH;
Nutritional Status|*; Pyridoxine|BL/*PH; Vitamin B 12|BL/*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Case-Control Studies; Coronary Disease|ET; Human; Risk
Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0029-6643
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 25 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin C and cardiovascular risk factors.
- Author
- Trout DL
- Address
- Carbohydrate Nutrition Laboratory, US Department of
Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705.
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 Jan, 53:1 Suppl, 322S-325S
- Abstract
- The concept that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation
protects against coronary heart disease developed in the
late 1970s when vitamin C intakes in industrialized nations
were lower than at present. Supplementation was then shown
to lower plasma total cholesterol and, among some elderly
men, to raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However,
among people in initially good vitamin C nutriture, these
effects are usually not seen. In five populations of
essentially healthy people, blood pressure has been found to
correlate negatively with vitamin C status. Recently, in a
placebo-controlled, double-blinded study, extra ascorbic
acid for 6 wk was observed to lower systolic and pulse
pressure in a small group of borderline hypertensive
subjects.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91090033
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|BL/PD/*TU; Coronary Disease|*PC
- MeSH Heading
- Age Factors; Blood Pressure|DE; Cholesterol|BL; Diabetes
Mellitus|ME; Human; Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol|BL; Risk
Factors; Sex Factors; Smoking|AE
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 26 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Abetalipoproteinemia. New insights into lipoprotein
assembly and vitamin E metabolism from a rare genetic
disease [clinical conference]
- Author
- Rader DJ; Brewer HB Jr
- Address
- Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute, Bethesda, Md. 20892.
- Source
- JAMA, 1993 Aug, 270:7, 865-9
- Abstract
- Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare genetic disease that has
provided important new insights into the physiology of
lipoprotein assembly and vitamin E metabolism. Forty-two
years after its initial description, a molecular etiology of
ABL has been reported to be a deficiency of a microsomal
transfer protein, thus suggesting that this protein plays a
key role in lipoprotein particle assembly and secretion both
in the intestine and in the liver. Furthermore, studies in
patients with ABL have established the critical role of
hepatic secretion of VLDL in the delivery of vitamin E to
peripheral tissues and the essential role of vitamin E in
the maintenance of normal physiological function of multiple
tissues. The systematic investigation of this rare genetic
disease has provided insights that have substantially
enhanced our understanding of human physiology.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93341066
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Abetalipoproteinemia|*/DI/ET/ME/PP/TH
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Case Report; Female; Human; Lipoproteins|ME;
Vitamin E|ME
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL CONFERENCE; JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0098-7484
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 27 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery.
- Author
- Traber MG; Sies H
- Address
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of
California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
- Source
- Annu Rev Nutr, 1996, 16:, 321-47
- Abstract
- How much vitamin E is enough? An established use of
supplemental vitamin E in humans is in the prevention and
therapy of deficiency symptoms. The cause of vitamin E
deficiency, characterized by peripheral neuropathy and
ataxia, is usually malabsorption-a result of fat
malabsorption or genetic abnormalities in lipoprotein
metabolism. Genetic abnormalities in the hepatic
alpha-tocopherol transfer protein also cause vitamin E
deficiency-defects in this protein cause an impairment in
plasma vitamin E transport. Impaired delivery of vitamin E
to tissues, thereby, results in deficiency symptoms. Also
discussed is the use of supplemental vitamin E in chronic
diseases such as ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis,
diabetes, cataracts, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's
disease, and impared immune function, as well as in subjects
receiving total parenterol nutrition. In healthy
individuals, a daily intake of about 15-30 mg of
alpha-tocopherol is recommended to obtain "optimal
plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations" (30 microM or
greater).
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96437116
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Vitamin E|*AD/CH/ME/PD/PK/TU
- MeSH Heading
- Diet; Human; Vitamin E Deficiency|CO/PC
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0199-9885
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 28 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The ambivalence of vitamin E in atherogenesis.
- Author
- Stocker R
- Address
- Biochemistry Group, The Heart Research Institute, 145
Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia. r.stocker@hri.org.au
- Source
- Trends Biochem Sci, 1999 Jun, 24:6, 219-23
- Abstract
- The early events in atherogenesis might be due to the
oxidation of low- density lipoprotein. The antioxidant
vitamin E, therefore, has received much attention as a
potential anti-atherogenic agent. Recent mechanistic studies
of the early stage of lipoprotein-lipid oxidation show that
the role of vitamin E in this process is not simply that of
a classical antioxidant. Unless additional compounds are
present, vitamin E can have antioxidant, neutral or
pro-oxidant activity. This more complex function is
reflected in the results of vitamin-E-intervention studies
of atherosclerosis in animals and of controlled prospective
trials on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in humans,
which, overall, are inconclusive.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99296697
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Atherosclerosis|*ME; Vitamin E|*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Disease Models, Animal; Human; Lipid Peroxidation; Models,
Biological; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue Distribution
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0167-7640
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 29 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Pharmacology of vitamin C.
- Author
- Sauberlich HE
- Address
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at
Birmingham 35294.
- Source
- Annu Rev Nutr, 1994, 14:, 371-91
- Abstract
- A better understanding of the functions of ascorbic acid
would help clarify the magnitude of the influence of this
vitamin on health-related conditions. Many of the purported
benefits require confirmation as well as a knowledge of the
mechanism of action. The majority of investigations of the
association of vitamin C with various types of cancer, with
cardiovascular risk, and with cataract formation were
epidemiologic studies. Often it was not possible to discern
whether the apparent protective effect was due to vitamin C,
vitamin E, or carotene, or to a combined effect of these
nutrients or of additional factors. Human intervention
trials may provide definitive and quantitative assessments
of the role of vitamin C in health maintenance. We need to
gain a more thorough understanding of the interactions of
vitamin C with other nutrients, such as vitamin E and
carotenoids, in order to appreciate the role of vitamin C in
disease prevention. Investigators are increasingly
recognizing the diverse functions of vitamin C in the body
in addition to its role in collagen synthesis. However, the
functional consequences of these many important roles of
vitamin C remain essentially unknown. Excluding scurvy, the
health consequences of inadequate vitamin C status are not
well characterized. Nonetheless, epidemiologic evidence
suggests a role for vitamin C in cancer and heart disease as
well as in a number of other diseases.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95033453
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|AD/AE/PH/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Biological
Availability; Human; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0199-9885
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 30 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vitamin supplementation therapy in the elderly.
- Author
- Thurman JE; Mooradian AD
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Louis University
Medical School, Missouri, USA.
- Source
- Drugs Aging, 1997 Dec, 11:6, 433-49
- Abstract
- Vitamin supplementation in large dosages is increasingly
common in the older population. Often, such supplementation
is used in an attempt to improve an individual's health
status. There have been claims that the effects of vitamins
halt the normal aging process or prevent and cure disease.
However, several recent studies have failed to demonstrate
the efficacy of vitamin supplementation in preventing
several types of cancer. In moderate dosages,
supplementation with vitamin E (tocopherols) shows promise
as a lipid antioxidant, and may reduce the risk of coronary
heart disease. However, before vitamin E becomes an accepted
medical therapy, further long term studies must be
undertaken to examine the safety and efficacy of such
therapy. An adequate intake of vitamins should be ensured by
adherence to a well balanced diet. However, the elderly are
prone to circumstances that may prevent them from eating a
balanced diet. In addition, there are several age-related
medical conditions that may predispose individuals to
dietary and vitamin deficiencies. To prevent vitamin
deficiency diseases and their associated morbidity, modest
vitamin supplementation may be necessary. However,
supplementation should be reserved for individuals with
documented deficiency or who are at risk of developing such
deficiencies, especially those who are homebound or
institutionalised. Vitamins taken in large dosages should be
considered as drugs. These medicines, which are obtainable
over-the-counter, should be carefully regulated to prevent
toxicity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98075622
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Dietary Supplements|*; Vitamins|AE/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging|DE; Antioxidants|TU;
Ascorbic Acid|TU; Avitaminosis|DT; Carotenoids|TU; Drug
Interactions; Human; Middle Age; Retinoids|TU; Vitamin B
Complex|TU; Vitamin D|TU; Vitamin E|TU; Vitamin K|TU
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1170-229X
- Country of Publication
- NEW ZEALAND
Record 31 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal
plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: an
epidemiological update with special attention to carotene
and vitamin C.
- Author
- Gey KF; Moser UK; Jordan P; Stähelin HB; Eichholzer M; Lüdin
E
- Address
- Vitamin Unit, University of Berne, Switzerland.
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1993 May, 57:5 Suppl, 787S-797S
- Abstract
- For the prolongation of life expectancy and reduction of
ischemic heart disease (IHD) dietary guidelines generally
recommend lowering saturated mammalian fat with partial
replacement by vegetable oils and increasing generously
vegetables, legumes, and fruits, which provide more
essential antioxidants. Plasma antioxidants as assayed in
epidemiological studies of complementary type (ie the
cross-cultural MONICA Vitamin Substudy reevaluation
considering the "Finland-Factor", the Edinburgh
Angina-Control Study, and the Basel Prospective Study)
consistently revealed an increased risk of IHD (and stroke)
at low plasma concentrations of antioxidants, with the rank
order as follows: lipid-standardized vitamin E >>
carotene = vitamin C > vitamin A, independently of
classical IHD risk factors. Decreasing IHD risk through
nutrition may be possible when plasma concentrations have
the following values: > 27.5-30.0 mumol vitamin E/L,
0.4-0.5 mumol carotene/L, 40-50 mumol vitamin C/L and
2.2-2.8 mumol vitamin A/L. Thus, previous prudent regimens
may now be updated, aiming at an optimal status of all
essential and synergistically linked antioxidants.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93235821
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|*BL; Carotene|*BL; Cholesterol|*BL;
Myocardial Ischemia|*BL/EP/PC; Selenium|*BL; Vitamin E|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Angina Pectoris|BL; Blood Pressure; Cerebrovascular
Disorders|BL/EP/PC; Comparative Study; Cross-Cultural
Comparison; Human; Male; Middle Age; Risk Factors; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW LITERATURE
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 32 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids.
- Author
- Thurnham DI; Northrop Clewes CA
- Address
- Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health, University of
Ulster, Coleraine, UK. di.thurnham@ulst.ac.uk
- Source
- Proc Nutr Soc, 1999 May, 58:2, 449-57
- Abstract
- There are two major dietary sources of vitamin A: easily
absorbed retinyl palmitate in foods of animal origin, and
poorly bioavailable carotenoids from plant foods. Plasma
retinol is tightly controlled, probably by regulation of
retinol-binding protein (RBP) formation in the liver, and
only hormonal factors (e.g. oral contraceptives) and
infection will alter the homeostasis. Delivery of retinol to
the tissues is facilitated by the RBP-retinol complex;
however, there is evidence that this mechanism can be
bypassed when very high doses of vitamin A are given. Some
retinyl ester may be released to tissues from chylomicrons
when the latter bind to tissue lipoprotein receptors during
their passage from the gut to the liver following a meal.
High-dose vitamin A therapy is a means of rapidly improving
vitamin A status in persons with sub-optimal vitamin A
nutrition but there are dangers of toxic symptoms (e.g.
teratogenicity) from excess vitamin A usage. Evidence is
presented to suggest that the plasma retinol: RBP may be a
guide to optimal vitamin A status, since values less than
one frequently occur in less-developed countries and during
infection. In contrast to plasma retinol, plasma carotenoids
reflect the dietary intake of plant foods. However,
absorption is limited by poor bioavailability and a
saturable uptake mechanism in competition with other
phytochemicals. Recent work on bioavailability suggests that
the calculation of plant food vitamin A activity should be
re-examined. Illness has little influence on plasma levels
except by suppressing appetite. Carotenoids are generally
regarded as non-toxic yet intervention studies with
beta-carotene in smokers have been associated with increased
lung cancer and heart disease. Some carotenoids are
important as vitamin A precursors, but the physiological
importance of their antioxidant properties is not known and
consequently the amount needed for optimal nutrition is
uncertain.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99395684
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Nutrition|*; Vitamin A|*/AD/BL
- MeSH Heading
- Absorption; Biological Availability; Child, Preschool;
Homeostasis; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infection|BL;
Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0029-6651
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 33 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Antenatal drugs affecting vitamin K status of the fetus
and the newborn.
- Author
- Astedt B
- Address
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University
Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
- Source
- Semin Thromb Hemost, 1995, 21:4, 364-70
- Abstract
- Coumarin derivatives and anticonvulsants administered
during pregnancy enter the fetal circulation, interfering
with the action of vitamin K. Vitamin K plays a crucial part
in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues of the
vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors prothrombin, FVII,
FIX, and FX. Other vitamin K-dependent proteins in the
coagulation cascade are protein C and protein S. Vitamin
K-dependent bone proteins are osteocalcin and gamma-carboxyglutamate
matrix protein. Administration of coumarol derivatives
results in under carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent
proteins. Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is followed
by an increased risk of embryopathy, which has been shown to
be greatest between gestational weeks 6 and 12.
Administration of warfarin is also followed by an increased
risk both of fetal intraventricular hemorrhage, and of
cerebral microbleedings, which may result in microencephaly
and mental retardation. Treatment with coumarol derivatives
should therefore be avoided during pregnancy, even in
pregnant women with artificial heart valves, and replaced by
heparin. Hemorrhage in the newborn related to the use of
anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy occurs very early
within the first 24 hours, probably due to increased
degradation of vitamin K. Transplacental administration of
vitamin K has been shown to prevent neonatal hemorrhage
induced by maternal anticonvulsant therapy. Prophylactic
administration of vitamin K, especially by intramuscular
injection, has been reported to be associated with an
increased risk of childhood cancer. However, subsequent
extensive studies have yielded no evidence of any
relationship between prophylactic vitamin K administration
and the occurrence of childhood cancer.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96357539
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced|*ET; Anticoagulants|*AE/PK;
Anticonvulsants|*AE/PK; Coumarins|*AE/PK; Fetal
Diseases|*CI; Pregnancy Complications|*DT; Prenatal Exposure
Delayed Effects|*; Vitamin K|AE/*PH/TU; Vitamin K
Deficiency|*CI/EM/PC
- MeSH Heading
- Blood Coagulation Factors|ME; Child; Cohort Studies;
Epilepsy|DT; Female; Great Britain|EP; Hemorrhage|CI; Human;
Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neoplasms|CI/EP;
Pregnancy; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't; Sweden|EP; Thrombosis|DT
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0094-6176
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 34 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- High-dose vitamin C: a risk for persons with high iron
stores?
- Author
- Gerster H
- Address
- Vitamin Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd,
Basel, Switzerland.
- Source
- Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1999 Mar, 69:2, 67-82
- Abstract
- The contribution of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) to the
prevention of iron deficiency anemia by promoting the
absorption of dietary non-heme iron-especially in persons
with low iron stores--is well established. But the question
has been raised whether high-dose intakes of vitamin C might
unduly enhance the absorption of dietary iron in persons
with high iron stores or in patients with iron overload,
possibly increasing the potential risk of iron toxicity.
Extensive studies have shown that overall the uptake and
storage of iron in humans is efficiently controlled by a
network of regulatory mechanisms. Even high vitamin C
intakes do not cause iron imbalance in healthy persons and
probably in persons who are heterozygous for hemochromatosis.
The uptake, renal tubular reabsorption and storage of
vitamin C itself are also strictly limited after high-dose
intake so that no excessive plasma and tissue concentrations
of vitamin C are produced. The effect of high-dose vitamin C
on iron absorption in patients with iron overload due to
homozygous hemochromatosis has not been studied. Of special
importance is the early identification of hemochromatosis
patients, which is assisted by the newly developed PCR test
for hereditary hemochromatosis. Specific treatment consists
of regular phlebotomy and possibly iron-chelating therapy.
These patients should moreover avoid any possibility of
facilitated absorption of iron and need to limit their
intake of iron. Patients with beta-thalassemia major and
sickle cell anemia who suffer from iron overload due to
regular blood transfusions or excessive destruction of red
blood cells need specialized medical treatment with iron
chelators and should also control their intake of iron. The
serum of patients with pathological iron overload can
contain non-transferrin-bound iron inducing lipid
peroxidation with subsequent consumption of antioxidants
such as vitamin E and vitamin C. The role of iron in
coronary heart disease and cancer is controversial. Early
suggestions that moderately elevated iron stores are
associated with an increased risk of CHD have not been
confirmed by later studies. In vitro, ascorbic acid can act
as a prooxidant in the presence of transition metals such as
iron or copper, but in the living organism its major
functions are as an antioxidant. High intakes of vitamin C
have thus not been found to increase oxidative damage in
humans. Accordingly, the risk of CHD or cancer is not
elevated. On the contrary, most studies have shown that
diets rich in vitamin C are inversely related to the
incidence of these diseases.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99234766
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency|*PC; Ascorbic Acid|*AD/*AE/PH;
Iron, Dietary|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Biological Availability; Human; Lipid
Peroxidation; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0300-9831
- Country of Publication
- SWITZERLAND
Record 35 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Tocopherol-mediated peroxidation of lipoproteins:
implications for vitamin E as a potential antiatherogenic
supplement.
- Author
- Upston JM; Terentis AC; Stocker R
- Address
- Biochemistry Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney,
Australia.
- Source
- FASEB J, 1999 Jun, 13:9, 977-94
- Abstract
- The 'oxidation theory' of atherosclerosis proposes that
oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) contributes to
atherogenesis. Although little direct evidence for a
causative role of 'oxidized LDL' in atherogenesis exists,
several studies show that, in vitro, oxidized LDL exhibits
potentially proatherogenic activities and lipoproteins
isolated from atherosclerotic lesions are oxidized. As a
consequence, the molecular mechanisms of LDL oxidation and
the actions of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH, vitamin E), the
major lipid-soluble lipoprotein antioxidant, have been
studied in detail. Based on the known antioxidant action of
alpha-TOH and epidemiological evidence, vitamin E is
generally considered to be beneficial in coronary artery
disease. However, intervention studies overall show a null
effect of vitamin E on atherosclerosis. This confounding
outcome can be rationalized by the recently discovered
diverse role for alpha-TOH in lipoprotein oxidation; that
is, alpha-TOH displays neutral, anti-, or, indeed,
pro-oxidant activity under various conditions. This review
describes the latter, novel action of alpha-TOH, termed
tocopherol-mediated peroxidation, and discusses the benefits
of vitamin E supplementation alone or together with other
antioxidants that work in concert with alpha-TOH in
ameliorating lipoprotein lipid peroxidation in the artery
wall and, hence, atherosclerosis.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99270893
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Atherosclerosis|*PC; Lipid Peroxidation|*; Lipoproteins,
LDL|*ME; Vitamin E|*ME/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Antioxidants|ME/TU; Arteries|ME; Human; Models,
Chemical; Oxidants|ME/TU; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0892-6638
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 36 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the
disorders comprising syndrome 'X'?
- Author
- Boucher BJ
- Address
- Academic Medical Unit, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal
London Hospital Medical & Dental School, UK.
- Source
- Br J Nutr, 1998 Apr, 79:4, 315-27
- Abstract
- Environmental factors are important in the aetiology of
glucose intolerance, type II diabetes and IHD. The lack of
vitamin D, which is necessary for adequate insulin
secretion, relates demographically to increased risk of
myocardial infarction. These disorders are connected,
degenerative vascular disease increasing with glucose
intolerance and diabetes and, with its risk factors,
comprising syndrome 'X'. Evidence is presented suggesting
that vitamin D deficiency may be an avoidable risk factor
for syndrome 'X', adding another preventative measure to
current recommendations which are aimed at reducing the
worldwide epidemic of these disorders. Experimentally,
vitamin D deficiency progressively reduces insulin
secretion; glucose intolerance follows and becomes
irreversible. Relationships between vitamin D status,
glucose tolerance and 30 min insulin secretion during oral
glucose tolerance tests are reported in British Asians;
insulin secretion, but not glycaemia, improving with
short-term supplementation. Studies showing reduction in
blood pressure and in risk of heart attack and diabetes with
exercise (usually outdoor), rarely consider the role of
vitamin D status. Glycaemia and insulin secretion in elderly
European men, however, relate to vitamin D status,
independent of season or physical activity. Prolonged
supplementation can improve glycaemia. Hypertension improves
with vitamin D treatment with or without initial deficiency.
Vitamin D status and climate are reviewed as risk factors
for myocardial infarction; the risk reducing with altitude
despite increasing cold. Glycaemia and fibrinogenaemia
improve with insulin secretion increases in summer.
Variation in vitamin D requirements could arise from genetic
differences in vitamin D processing since bone density can
vary with vitamin D-receptor genotype. Vitamin D receptors
are present in islet beta cells and we report insulin
secretion in healthy Asians differing profoundly with the
Apa I genotype, being independent of vitamin D status. Those
at risk of vitamin D deficiency include the elderly, those
living indoors or having a covered-up style of dress,
especially dark-skinned immigrants, and pregnant women, and
these are groups recognized as being at increased risk of
diabetes.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98287286
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Insulin Resistance|*; Nutritional Status|*; Vitamin D
Deficiency|*CO
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Animal; Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|ET;
Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Pregnancy; Seasons
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0007-1145
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
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