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Selenium Technical Information

 

Life Glow Plus contains 250 mcg of selenium and Super Life Glow contains a similar amount.

Here is a scientific comment on this substance:


Can selenium prevent cancer? Epidemiological study expanded to investigate selenium's impact on multiple cancers

Although changing lifestyle habits to reduce cancer risk may present tough personal challenges, environmental risk factors are often less obvious and harder to change. To draw conclusions about the causes of disease and formulate prevention strategies, epidemiologists study whole populations and devote years of research to meticulous data collection.

Since 1981, the Arizona Cancer Center's Epidemiology Director Larry C. Clark, Ph.D., has been studying East coast residents who are at high risk for skin cancer. Spanning more than a decade, the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Project has recruited 1,700 healthy people from South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Connecticut to test the effectiveness of selenium as a skin cancer preventive agent.

Dr. Clark and his collaborators from Cornell University, Professor of Nutrition Gerald Combs Jr., Ph.D., and Professor of Statistics Bruce Turnbull, Ph.D., chose this population for their study because of their skin cancer risk and because they live in an area with little dietary selenium.

Most Americans get their daily doses of selenium from the food they eat. Selenium in the soil is absorbed by plants and, subsequently, by the people and animals who eat them. In the United States, selenium intake is highly variable, ranging from 60 to more than 200 micrograms per day, with an average of about 125 micrograms. Americans on the Eastern Coastal Plain and in the Pacific Northwest have the lowest selenium intake-60 to 90 micrograms per day.

"This project has the opportunity to determine whether dietary selenium supplementation can prevent cancer. Because the majority of the U.S. population lives in relatively low selenium areas, the public health implications of this project's results may prove to be significant," says Dr. Clark.

Scientists theorize that selenium may prevent cancer by reducing the impact of primary cancer-causing agents which damage DNA by oxidant attack. How well selenium can reduce cancer risk may depend on a person's antioxidant intake. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and selenium, may protect against oxidant damage by neutralizing agents that can harm DNA.

With additional funding from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) the selenium research has expanded from its initial skin cancer focus to include mortality, incidence of all cancer types, and cancer screening. In 1993, Dr. Clark's team received a $6.1 million five-year grant for the "Nutritional Prevention of Cancer" and a $1.5 million three-year grant for "PSA as an Intermediate Marker for Prostate Cancer".

Their goal is to determine if selenium supplementation reduces mortality from all causes of death-particularly melanoma, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Dr. Clark's team also is looking at selenium in relation to precancerous conditions, especially colon polyps. In 1991, Dr. Clark and former UA gastroenterologist Lee J. Hixson, M.D., released the findings from a pilot study which found that patients at the Tucson Veterans Affairs Medical Center who ranked below the mean in blood selenium concentration had a much higher prevalence of colon polyps. After these initial findings, they began screening patients from the selenium skin cancer study for colorectal cancer to see if the colon polyp results could be replicated in a larger population of healthy people with no gastrointestinal complaints.

Under the new grants, the screening component calls for continuation of the colon cancer screening and initiation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening. In addition to determining PSA levels in blood samples from study participants, the PSA arm of the research also will analyze frozen blood samples which have been gathered over the past 11 years. Bruce Dalkin, M.D., assistant professor of surgery/urology, is collaborating on the PSA research.

Overall, the expanded selenium project is unique because the original participants were a defined population recruited for skin cancer-not prostate or colon cancer, says Dr. Clark. Now they are being followed for many years to see if they develop any type of cancer.

Of the 1,700 people recruited for the study, only nine have been lost to follow up, Dr. Clark adds. He attributes this outstanding rate of participant loyalty to the fact that they are being followed by their community dermatologists.

"This trial has made remarkable progress since the first patients were randomized in 1983. It stands out among current ongoing chemoprevention trials both because of its length of follow up and the broad array of important endpoints which are being analyzed for benefits from selenium supplementation," Dr. Clark adds. "The trial has documented the safety of long-term supplementation with nutritional doses of selenium.

"Although these trends are exceedingly favorable, definitive results are necessary in order to assure the safety and effectiveness of an intervention which may eventually be used by millions of essentially healthy individuals."

To date, more than 10,000 person years of data have been collected. Dr. Clark's database now catalogs more than 18,000 patient visits; 41,000 surgeries and liquid nitrogen treatments for skin cancers; 13,000 plasma selenium analyses; 12,000 blood samples; 800 food frequency questionnaires; and 9,500 miscellaneous illnesses reported by patients.

From 1983 to the present, the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer has expanded with funding from the American Institute for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, and the NCI. The project has more than 50 collaborators, including dermatologists, urologists, gastroenterologist, ophthalmologists, biostatistians, and epidemiologists. Collaborating institutions include Medical College of Georgia, Cornell University, University of Miami, and University of Connecticut.

"The results from the initial 10 years of the project will be published next and may provide unique information since this is the only large, long-term cancer prevention trial in the world using selenium supplementation," Dr. Clark adds.

This article was originally published in 1993-94 Report of the Arizona Cancer Center. News media may quote this article, but we request that credit be given. For a copy of this document or other Cancer Center publications, see instructions under "Publications" heading. Correspondence regarding editorial content or circulation should be addressed to the Editor, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724; phone 520-626-2277 or E-mail to ppowers@azcc.arizona.edu. Copyright 1994 ABOR. All rights reserved.


Title
Study of a low-selenium environment in China by INAA and Mössbauer spectrometry.
Author
Chai C; Tian J; Qian Q; Zhang P; Xu Q; Mao D
Address
Institute of High Energy Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China.
Source
Biol Trace Elem Res, 1994 Fal, 43-45:, 177-84
Abstract
The neutron activation analysis, gamma coincidence spectroscopy, nondispersive hydrogen flame atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectrometry were used to study the low-selenium environment of the Exi Autonomous Prefecture, a well-known Keshan disease region. The Se contents in the soil samples there range from 0.075-0.18 mg/kg with the average of 0.13 mg/kg, whereas in the maize from 0.001-0.018 mg/kg with the average of 0.0099 mg/kg. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectrum of the soil indicates an anoxic environment. In addition to the FE3+ species the compounds containing low-valence iron e.g., goethite, and so forth, also exist. The rare earth element (REE) pattern obtained by NAA further confirms the reductive soil environment, which causes the selenium deficiency.
Language of Publication
English
Unique Identifier
95226173

 

Title
Free radical generation by selenium compounds and their prooxidant toxicity.
Author
Spallholz JE
Address
Texas Technology University, Lubbock 79404, USA.
Source
Biomed Environ Sci, 1997 Sep, 10:2-3, 260-70
Abstract
Selenium (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed "selenium accumulator" plants of the genus Astragalus, Xylorrhiza, Oonopsis, and Stanleya. Selenites and selenates from the soil accumulate in these plants primarily as methylated selenium compounds and plants evolve dimethyldiselenide and dimethylselenide. Dietary selenium, primarily as selenomethionine and selenocysteine for humans fulfill the dietary requirement for selenoenzymes and proteins. In humans and animals excessive dietary selenium may be toxic. In vitro, selenium compounds such as selenite, selenium dioxide and diselenides react with thiols, such as glutathione, producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. This catalytic reaction of selenium compounds with thiols likely accounts for selenium toxicity to cells ex vivo and in vivo where the major glutathione producing organ, the liver, is also the major target organ of selenium toxicity. Selenium enzymes and selenoethers that do not readily form a selenide (RSe-) anion and compounds such as Ebselen where selenium is sequestered, are not toxic. Methylation of selenium by both plants and animals serves to detoxify selenium by generating methylselenides. Alternatively, full reduction of Se to elemental selenium (Se0) as done by some bacteria and the formation of heavy metal selenides such as Ag2Se or Hg2Se, results in a non-catalytic non-toxic form of selenium. This catalytic prooxidant attribute of some selenium compounds appears to account for its toxicity when such activity exceeds plant and animal methylation reactions and antioxidant defenses. This prooxidant activity may also account for cellular apoptosis and may provide a useful pharmaceutical application for selenium compounds as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents.
Language of Publication
English
Unique Identifier
97460952

 



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