Niacinamide is one of the water-soluble B-complex vitamins. Niacin, or nicotinic acid, is also known as Vitamin B-3. When an amide molecule attaches itself to niacin, it becomes niacinamide. One major difference is that in doses exceeding 50 mg, niacin typically produces flushing of the skin. Niacin and niacinamide also have different applications. It its niacinamide form, it is useful in arthritis and early-onset type I diabetes; niacin is an effective reducer of high cholesterol levels.
Niacinamide was first linked to preventing the development of diabetes in experimental animals in the 1950s, a finding confirmed in the 1980s which led to further clinical studies. Niacinamide enhances insulin secretion and increases insulin sensitivity. Evidence points to niacinamide supplements being very effective in preventing type I diabetes from progressing in some patients if given soon enough at the onset of diabetes. It does so primarily by helping restore beta cells.
Several studies done on high-risk groups led to a larger population-based study conducted in New Zealand to see if supplements can prevent diabetes from developing in high risk groups. The results of screening 32,000 five- to seven-year-old children for islet cell antibodies and treating those at risk proved quite impressive. Treating diabetes is very costly, but early intervention by screening (as done in the New Zealand study) and treating with niacinamide supplements could dramatically cut health-care costs.1
Evidence on the impact of niacinamide on arthritis is only preliminary. Drs. William Kaufman and Abram Hoffer have reported positive clinical results in the treatment of hundreds of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis using high doses of niacinamide. These results have yet to be fully evaluated in detailed clinical studies.2
1 Elliot RB and Pilcher CC, Prevention of diabetes in normal school children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract14, S85, 1991; and Mandrup Paulsen T, et al., Nicotinamide in the prevention of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metabol Rev 9, 295-309, 1993.
2 Kaufman, W, The Common Form of Joint Dysfunction: Its Incidence and Treatment. E. L. Hildreth Company, Brattleboro, VT, 1949; and Hoffer, A, Treatment of arthritis by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Canadian Medical Association Journal 81; 235-239, 1959.
NIACINAMIDE: SOURCES
Available as:
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: PROVEN BENEFITS
What this vitamin does:
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: UNPROVED SPECULATED BENEFITS
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Miscellaneous information:
The body manufactures niacinamide from tryptophan, an amino acid.1
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Early symptoms:
Late symptoms of severe deficiency called pellagra:
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: UNPROVED SPECULATED SYMPTOMS
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: LAB TESTS TO DETECT DEFICIENCY
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
NIACINAMIDE: OPTIMAL LEVELS
Up to 150 mg.
NIACINAMIDE: MINIMUM DOSAGE
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):
Estimate of adequate daily intake by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, 1989.
Age RDA
0-6 months 6mg
6-12 months 8mg
1-3 years 9mg
4-6 years 11mg
7-10 years 16mg
MALES
11-18 years 18mg
19-22 years 19mg
23-50 years 18mg
50+ years 16mg
FEMALES
11-14 years 15mg
15-22 years 14mg
23+ years 13mg
Pregnant +2mg
Lactating +4mg
NIACINAMIDE: WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Don't take if you:
Over age 55:
Pregnancy:
Breast-feeding:
Effect on lab tests:
Storage:
Others:
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
Signs and symptoms:
Body flush, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, weakness, lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, headache, high blood sugar, high uric acid, heart-rhythm disturbances.
What to do:
For symptoms of overdosage: Discontinue vitamin, and consult doctor. Also see ADVERSE REACTIONS OR SIDE EFFECTS.
For accidental overdosage (such as child taking entire bottle): Dial emergency services, your telephone operator or your nearest Poison Control Center.1
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
Reaction or effect What to do
Abdominal pain Discontinue. Call doctor immediately.
Diarrhea Discontinue. Call doctor immediately.
Faintness Discontinue. Call doctor immediately.
Headache Discontinue. Call doctor when convenient.
"Hot" feeling, with skin Nothing.
flushed in blush zone (always)
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) Seek emergency treatment.
Nausea Discontinue. Call doctor immediately.
Skin dryness Discontinue. Call doctor immediately.
Vomiting Discontinue. Call doctor immediately.1
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
Interacts with Combined effect
Anti-diabetics Decreases anti-diabetic effect.
Beta-adrenergic blockers Lowers blood pressure to extremely low level.
Chenodiol Decreases chenodiol effect.
Guanethidine Increases guanethidine effect.
Isoniazid Decreases niacin effect.
Mecamylamine Lowers blood pressure to extremely low level.
Pargyline Lowers blood pressure to extremely low level.
Tobacco decreases absorption. Smokers may require supplemental niacin.
Alcohol may cause excessively low blood pressure. Use caution.1
1 From Griffith HW, Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements.
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