How about YOUR question here?
Read below or choose another question.
The Resource-Depletion Fallacy
The threat of depletion of our natural resources is one of the driving forces some use in striving for easy, legal access to abortion. The concept is that we need to murder babies because additional people will deplete the resources. This paper does not discuss all resources, of course, but it does cover the top ten mineral resources that mankind consumes. Then, it gives information on some miscellaneous mineral resources. This paper shows that mankind is not depleting our natural resources enough to warrant any corrective action whatsoever.
The top ten mineral resources that mankind consumed in 1996 are as follows.
1 (A short ton is 2,000 pounds.)
Except for salt and coal, the following table shows how much reserves the world has had for various years. Since salt is so prevalent, there are no records for salt. For coal the available data wouldn't fit into the table, so the figures for it are given here: For 1981, 986,540 million short tons; for 1984, 1,000,000; for 1992, 1,100,000; for 1997, 1,100,000.
The source of data for the above is citation 2. The source for the following table is citation 2 for all except petroleum. For petroleum it is Section II, Table 1 of citation 4. Definitions are at the end of the article.
* Abbreviations: RB is Reserve Base B is barrels CF is cubic feet MT is metric tons thou is thousands mil is millions tril is trillions NA is not available
** For phosphate rock, the great difference between 1980 and the other years is most likely due to an error by U.S. Bureau of Mines.
*** For manganese, the great difference between 1995 and the other years is most likely due to an error by British Geologic Survey.
From the above one can conclude that, based on 1996 consumption and 1995 or 1997 reserves, our resources will last indefinitely. This is based on the following findings.
(Varying terminology--recoverable reserves, reserve base, and resources--was used because that's the way the literature resources showed them item by item.)
The conclusion is simple: Although we consume more and more of these resources every year, we always find at least as much of them in the ground to make up for what we use. In four cases we find more than what we use. Thus, in the foreseeable future, mankind will not run out of the top ten mineral resources.
Another literature reference3 gives the changes in world reserves and cumulative production of selected minerals from 1950 - 1970. The data is old, but that's all the data there is. Five of the 12 minerals listed are the same as listed above. The last column in the following table is most important.
It shows, for example with iron, the percentage increase in known reserves from 1950 to 1970 is 1,221.
This shows we are finding more iron than we are consuming by a fantastic margin.
The units in the table are thousands of metric tons. (One metric ton is 2,205 pounds.)
Source: National Commission on Supplies and Shortages, Government and the Nation's Resources, Report of the National Commission on Supplies and Shortages (Washington, DC, GPO, 1976).
a. Production of tungsten was estimated from production of tungsten concentrates.
b. 1950 - 1952 production estimated from an average of 1953 - 1957 production.
c. Thousands of barrels [instead of thousands of metric tons].
Except for the case of Tungsten, we see again that mankind is finding a greater quantity of minerals than it is using. This is in spite of increasing population and increasing industrial activity.
With respect to all the resources, even those not discussed above, let us not forget the Simon Theory.
Concerning possible depletion, according to the Simon Theory if scarcity arises, scarcity will spur invention and development of new technologies. For example, if the world runs out of oil, cars could operate on natural gas, batteries, or fuel cells.
From time-to-time, doomsayers have predicted that the world would soon run out of oil. However, they used the wrong figures in their predictions. They used proven reserves but should have used resources or, as shall be shown, more than resources. (Again, these terms are defined at the end of this paper.)
For example, at 1997 production rates of 23.7 billion barrels of oil per year and proven reserves of 1 trillion barrels,4 oil would be exhausted in 42 years (from 1997), or in the year 2039. However, in 1994 the United States Geologic Survey estimated that there were between 1.4 and 2.1 trillion barrels of oil yet to be produced from resources of between 5.5 and 7.5 trillion barrels.5
Instead of dividing 23.7 billion into 1 trillion to show 42 years, dividing it into 2.1 trillion shows that the supplies wouldn't be exhausted for 88 years from 1994. This would be in calendar year 2082.
Yet, for several reasons, even that is pessimistic. The estimates of proven reserves, oil to yet be produced, and resources do not include heavy and extra heavy oil, recoverable bitumen, and shale oil (oil found in shale rock). Nearly 15 trillion barrels of these are available6 thus extending the exhaustion date from 2082 to 2714 at 100% recovery efficiency of these non-included resources.
In addition coal can be converted to oil and gas. If the usual oil supply would become limited, coal could alleviate the supply problem in two ways: 1) by converting it to oil and 2) by converting it to gas which would replace gasoline (with "natural" gas) in most of our vehicles.
Also, vehicles can be powered by naturally occurring natural gas. According to the second table above, mankind has a 25,000 year supply of that.
Lastly, there are vast quantities of gas hydrates found beneath the oceans and in the Arctic permafrost.
Gas hydrates consist of crystallized natural gas and water. The gas from these could minimize the need for oil products. There is more fuel in the form of gas hydrates than all other fossil fuel combined!7
This includes petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
We don't have a problem!
Following are some of the doomsayers' predictions about oil:
". . . Hurry, before this wonderful product is depleted from Nature's laboratory!" -- an advertisement for "Kier's Rock Oil," 1855.8
". . . with no assured source of domestic supply in sight, the United States is confronted with a national crisis of first magnitude." -- U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1916.9
". . . there is no hope that new fields, unaccounted in our inventory, may be discovered of sufficient magnitude to modify seriously the estimate." -- Smithsonian Institute, 1918.9
". . . it is unsafe to rest in the assurance that plenty of petroleum will be found in the future merely because it has been in the past." -- L. Snider and B. Brooks, AAPG Bulletin, 1936.8
"The Bureau of Mines estimates the reserves of the United States at about fourteen years' supply, at our present rate of production." -- paraphrasing a 1940 Mines publication, Minerals Year Book.10
In conclusion, we can see that it is not necessary for mankind to limit population in order to preserve our mineral resources.
Definitions:
• Reserve base is that part of an identified resource that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria related to current mining and production practices, including those for grade, quality, thickness, and depth. It may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics. That is, it includes quantities that would be producible if more advanced removal technology and better economics were developed.
• Resources in the petroleum industry are amounts of oil one can plausibly speculate exist.
• Proven reserves in the petroleum industry are that portion of total oil resources that have been found and developed and for which production facilities (wells) are in place.
Endnotes
1. British Geological Survey, World Mineral Statistics, 1992 -1996, many pages.
2. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Commodity Summaries, various years from 1965 - 1996, many
pages. Also endnote 3.
3. R. G. Ridker and W. D. Watson, To Choose a Future, (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins
University Press).
4. American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, January 1998, Section
II Table 1 and Section IV Table 1.
5. American Petroleum Institute, Are We Running Out of Oil?, December 1995, 22.
6. Ibid, 24.
7. Ibid, 25.
8. Ibid, 1.
9. Ibid, 9.
10. H. S. Bell, American Petroleum Refining, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.) 5. Kenneth E. Kogut is founder and Chief Executive Officer of Life Research Institute. He has a Bachelor of Science Degree in chemical engineering from University of California, Berkeley, and he has written 118 examination problems for use in licensing chemical engineers in the U.S. and worldwide.
Send your question to Jean Ross here:
Send me your comments, or your own question to be answered. Only two fields are required, but you are cordially invited to fill in all the others also.
|
I promise to answer your message -- click here to send me a personal message
|
SUBSCRIBE: The Wednesday Letter is a free electronic monthly newsletter written and published by Karl Loren. You can view more than 50 back issues of this publication by clicking here. The Wednesday Letter subscription list is maintained on a secure server, no name is ever given or sold to anyone, and it is never used except for this Newsletter. It is automatically published on the Tuesday night just before the first Wednesday of every month. You can subscribe to this free monthly electronic letter by entering your eMail address and name below. You will then automatically receive a request for confirmation, sent to whatever address you have entered. If you do NOT receive this confirmation request, then you will not be subscribed. There may have been an error with your address and you should resubmit. The letter is never sent twice to the same address -- so you do not have to worry about a duplicate subscription. When you receive this confirmation request you must reply to it, or your subscription will not become active. No one can subscribe your name, and address, without you being notified, and if you get an unwanted notice of subscription you only need to DO NOTHING and the subscription will NOT be active.
REMOVAL: You can remove yourself from the subscription list in several different ways. Click here to read about this entire newsletter system. Every edition of The Wednesday Letter is delivered to your address with YOUR name and address in view on the letter, with a link that allows you to remove THAT name from the subscription list. If you try to send this removal message from an address different from the one you used to send in your original confirmation, then you will get a warning notice first, sent to the subscription address, asking you to confirm that you want to be removed from the list -- by replying to THAT request for confirmation, you will then be automatically removed. Thus, no one else can unsubscribe you, from some other computer, without your knowledge. But, if you send in the unsubscribe notice from the same machine used to receive the Letter, then the removal from the subscription list is automatic.
Personal Message: When you send a personal message to Karl Loren, you will receive a personal reply as per his instructions. Karl pledges that every personal message will get a personal answer. When you provide your mail address, we will send you free information including our free catalog and a cassette tape lecture by Karl Loren about heart disease, no charge, by mail, even if outside the US. You can select particular information you would like to receive, along with the free cassette tape and catalog.
You can reach Vibrant Life in many ways, including by mail to Vibrant Life, 2808 N. Naomi St., Burbank, CA 91504. Within the US and Canada, use the toll free number: (800) 523-4521, the local number: (818) 558-1799, the FAX: (818) 558-7299, eMail to kimberly@oralchelation.com or any one of the hundreds of message forms throughout the 50 web sites. Vibrant Life normally ships the same day we get an order. There are message forms on each of the 100,000+ pages on this and other sites where you can communicate with Vibrant Life. Check out our companion site, at: http://www.oralchelation.net where Karl's 2000 page book is published. Karl Loren is the author and webmaster for this BOOK, as well as for another web site about ORAL CHELATION. His personal philosophical articles are at PHILOSOPHY.
Copyright © May 20, 2008 6:23 AM by Karl Loren on behalf of Vibrant Life, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Permission is granted for non-commercial downloading, copying, distribution or redistribution on two conditions: One, that some form of copyright notice is included in every copy distributed or copied, showing the copyright belonging to Vibrant Life, Burbank, CA, at www.oralchelation.com . The second condition is that the material is not to be used for any purpose contrary to the purposes and objectives of this site. This permission does not extend to materials on this site which are copyrighted by others.
