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The Reference Was:
Caffeine and soft drink consumption increases risk of hip fracture.
The body needs to maintain calcium and phosphorous in equal balance in the blood. Soft drinks, very high in phosphorous, require the body to steal calcium from the bones to help balance the phosphorous taken in with soft drinks. One study showed that people who drink more than three cups of coffee a day increase their risk of osteoporosis by 82 percent.
[Kiel, D. P., et al. "Caffeine and the Risks of Hip Fracture: The Framingham Study." American Journal of Epidemiology 132 no. 4, Oct. 1990; 675-684.]
Studies done by Dr. Kiel, including the one referenced above, are shown below, in abstract form from the search program, HealthGate. See Hot Spots for a link to HealthGate.
Document: 1
Title
Caffeine and the risk of hip fracture: the Framingham Study
[see comments]
Author
Kiel DP; Felson DT; Hannan MT; Anderson JJ; Wilson PW
Address
Division of General Internal Medicine, Brown University Program in Medicine, Providence,
RI.
Source
Am J Epidemiol, 132: 4, 1990 Oct, 675-84
Abstract
Caffeine increases urinary calcium output and has been implicated as a risk factor for
osteoporosis. The authors examined the effect of caffeine on hip fracture risk in 3,170
individuals attending the 12th (1971-1973) Framingham Study examination. Coffee and tea
consumption, age, Framingham examination number, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and
estrogen use were used to evaluate hip fracture risk according to caffeine intake. Hip
fractures occurred in 135 subjects during 12 years of follow-up. Fracture risk over each
2-year period increased with increasing caffeine intake (one cup of coffee = one unit of
caffeine, one cup of tea = 1/2 unit of caffeine). For intake of 1.5-2.0 units per day, the
adjusted relative risk (RR) of fracture was not significantly elevated compared with
intake of one or less units per day. Consumption of greater than or equal to 2.5 units per
day significantly increased the risk of fracture. Overall, intake of greater than two cups
of coffee per day (four cups of tea) increased the risk of fracture. In summary, hip
fracture risk was modestly increased with heavy caffeine use, but not for intake
equivalent to one cup of coffee per day. Since caffeine use may be associated with other
behaviors that are, themselves, risk factors for fracture, the association may be
indirect. Further studies should be performed to confirm these findings.
Language of Publication
English
Unique Identifier
90386151
MeSH Heading (Major)
Caffeine [AD/*AE]
Hip Fractures [EP/*ET]
MeSH Heading
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Calcium [UR]
Cohort Studies
Female
Human
Male
Middle Age
Osteoporosis [ET]
Risk Factors
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Comment Citation
Comment in: Am J Epidemiol 1991 Mar 15;133(6):629-31
Publication Type
JOURNAL ARTICLE
ISSN
0002-9262
Country of Publication
UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number
58-08-2 (Caffeine)
7440-70-2 (Calcium)
Document: 2
Title
Smoking eliminates the protective effect of oral estrogens on the risk for hip fracture among women.
Author
Kiel DP; Baron JA; Anderson JJ; Hannan MT; Felson DT
Address
Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island.
Source
Ann Intern Med, 116: 9, 1992 May 1, 716-21
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the association between smoking and osteoporotic fractures is
related to the quantity of cigarettes smoked and to determine if smoking modifies the
protection by estrogens. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: A population-based cohort study,
the Framingham Study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2873 women in the Framingham Study followed
through examination 19 (1985-1987). MEASUREMENTS: All fractures of the proximal femur
sustained by women in the Framingham Study from 1948 to 1987 were ascertained. At almost
all examinations, available information on cigarette smoking was used to classify women as
"ever smokers" compared with "never smokers," and, among "ever
smokers," "current" compared with "former smokers." A similar
classification for estrogen use was created. Information on potentially confounding
variables was taken from each examination, including age, adiposity (weight/height2),
alcohol consumption (ounces per week), and caffeine intake (coffee and tea). RESULTS:
Overall, 207 hip fractures occurred among 34,700 woman-examinations of observation. In the
entire cohort, current smoking did not appear to increase hip fracture risk (adjusted odds
ratio [AOR], 1.22; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.95; P greater than 0.2). Also overall, current
estrogen use appeared to be protective (AOR, 0.38; CI, 0.12 to 1.21, P = 0.10). Among
current smokers, however, estrogen use did not protect against fracture (AOR for current
use, 1.26; CI, 0.29 to 5.45), whereas estrogen was protective in nonsmokers (AOR for
current or past use, 0.37; CI, 0.19 to 0.75; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, smoking
does not appear to increase the risk for hip fracture in women. Although estrogen
replacement protects nonsmokers from fracture, smoking may negate the protective skeletal
effects of estrogen replacement therapy.
Language of Publication
English
Unique Identifier
92214866
MeSH Heading (Major)
Estrogens [*PD]
Hip Fractures [*ET/PC]
Smoking [*AE]
MeSH Heading
Administration, Oral
Aged
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Human
Logistic Models
Middle Age
Odds Ratio
Risk Factors
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Publication Type
JOURNAL ARTICLE
ISSN
0003-4819
Country of Publication
UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number
0 (Estrogens)
Document: 3
Title
Caffeine and bone density loss
[letter; comment]
Author
Kiel DP; Felson DT; Hannan MT; Anderson JJ; Wilson PW
Source
Epidemiology, 4: 6, 1993 Nov, 557
Abstract
Abstract not available online.
Language of Publication
English
Unique Identifier
94092804
MeSH Heading (Major)
Bone Density [*PH]
Caffeine [*AE]
Osteoporosis [*EP/ET]
MeSH Heading
Calcium [AD]
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)
Diet
Female
Human
Massachusetts [EP]
Comment Citation
Comment on: Epidemiology 1993 Mar;4(2):128-34
Publication Type
COMMENT
LETTER
ISSN
1044-3983
Country of Publication
UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number
58-08-2 (Caffeine)
7440-70-2 (Calcium)
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