An intriguing observation led me on
a search for the solution to my chronic illness, which started in the late
1960s. Initially considered simple fatigue, it took me several years to
make a dietary link. Thereafter I relabelled my condition ‘food allergy’.
I
observed that whenever I had a fever, my symptoms entirely vanished. I
still had the malaise that accompanies fever, but my ‘food allergy’
symptoms entirely disappeared, only to return when the fever left!
Over
the next 20 years, I had three more fevers. On each occasion, without
exception, my symptoms completely disappeared, but only for the duration
of the fever. Surely, I thought, in fever lay the clue to the ‘food
allergy’ phenomenon.
Visits
to the library to read up on pyrexia produced no real answer. It was also
clear that even the highly qualified authors did not know the true
mechanism behind fever.
My
own search for a solution involved over 50 fasts (water only, no food) –
including two lasting a month each; four weeks on grapes only, and seven
months on the Gerson therapy, as well as many other Nature Cure diets. I
would abandon them all, however, because everything I ate made me ill.
I
also considered that simply identifying and avoiding the problem foods was
not enough. Why do some people react to ordinary foods in the first place,
and not everyone? After all, if someone is ‘allergic’ to, say, a tomato,
it is not the tomato that is at fault, it is the person. Otherwise
everybody would react to tomato.
Photograph of parasite eggs |
Close-up of the previous eggs |
Fault ‘at Site of
Symptom’
The
fault surely has to lie within the person, and specifically at the site of
the symptom. After all, if you have two patients with ‘food allergy’, one
might present with migraine, another with arthritis. The person with
migraine will not get the arthritis and the person with arthritis will not
suffer migraine. Each will have his own specific, repeating symptom in a
particular part of the body. Therefore the problem has to be at the site
of the symptom.
A Blood Flow Problem?
Space
does not permit the full explanation, but I had suspected for some years
that there might be an interference in blood flow at the site of the
symptom in the food allergic.
With
some difficulty, I arranged to have my theory tested at the Edinburgh
Royal Infirmary. I planned to get two blood flow tests, one before and one
after consuming a food allergen.
Both
the vascular surgeon whom I initially approached and the experienced
radiologist that he recommended thought it highly unlikely that there
would be a blood flow connection to my symptoms. However, they kindly
allowed the testing to go ahead.
Much
to the radiologist’s chagrin, there was a considerable change in blood
flow on the second reading, a mere half an hour after the first. His
flustered response was, “But it’s not scientific!” I agreed. But as it
occurred after my predicting it in advance, surely the ‘scientific’ step
would have been to carry out further investigation and not just simply
ignore it because it was predicted by someone not in his ‘field’.
If,
as now seemed likely, there was a hypoperfusion at the site of the symptom
in the food allergic, that would give an explanation for the vast number
of disorders linked to food allergy. As blood reaches every part of the
body, then a reduced flow anywhere would produce symptoms anywhere in the
body.
The Possibilities
What
could be causing this hypo-perfusion? There could only be, I reasoned,
three possibilities. Either there was something there that shouldn’t be
there (‘something added’), or there was something not there that should be
there (‘something missing’), or there was damage (‘something damaged’),
and I included inflammation in the damaged scenario.
‘Something
damaged’ seemed likely. But when I recalled my own dietary experiments, I
had to dismiss it. My month-long fasts, which are noted for their
acceleration of healing would surely have repaired any such damage.
Besides,
many food allergics can experience a severe reaction for an hour or so,
then feel well after that. If there truly were damage, it wouldn’t last
simply an hour. Also, my seven months on a natural food diet, such diets
having a long history of successful health restorations, would surely have
achieved repair. But none of them did. No, I had to dismiss ‘something
damaged’ for the moment.
Then
I considered ‘something missing’. But as I had persevered with the fruit
and vegetable diet for seven months, any nutrient deficiencies would
surely have been satisfied in that time. Besides, why should someone be
‘missing’ something during the allergic reaction, yet not be an hour or so
later? So ‘something missing’ was shelved for the moment.
‘Something
added’ looked the likeliest culprit. Space does not allow me a full
explanation, but I initially favoured old drug or chemical residues in the
system. However, my fasting and natural food attempts, both famous for the
elimination of toxins, had failed to remove them.
And,
if an old drug residue was responsible, why should the problem only occur
for an hour or so then vanish? How could it change shape or form to create
a blood flow blockage in that hour and then settle down? Also, as old
drugs and chemicals become adipose-bound, how could they create an
interference with the blood flow?
And
why should my symptoms disappear only when I had a fever if old drugs or
chemicals were the reason? But the best reason for dismissing old drugs
and chemicals was when I recalled that arthritis, a classic food allergy
disorder, has been around for centuries. Modern drugs have not.
So,
‘something added’ it must be. But what? After dispelling drugs and other
toxins, I arrived at the astonishing conclusion that perhaps the something
added might be LIVING! In other words, a parasite.
Parasites
tend to settle in the lumen of blood vessels. That would explain how they
could interfere with blood flow. Perhaps simple obstruction in the
micro-circulation by hordes of these creatures is all it takes to produce
symptoms.
| Symptoms
Potentially Associated with Food Allergies |
Asthma13,14,78
Rheumatic fever15
Arthritis16-18
Hyperactivity/ADD19
Alzheimer’s20
Epilepsy21,22
Headaches23
Mental confusion24,82
Urticaria25
Nervousness26,73
Migraine27
Weight loss28
Weight gain29,30
Vascular disorders31
Thrush32
Mouth ulcers33
Depression34
Personality changes35,73
Chronic fatigue36,37
Bloating38
Conjunctivitis39 |
Oedema40
Eczema41
Osteomyelitis42
Cystitis43
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)44
Sore throats45
Impetigo46
Acne47
Skin infections48
Warts49
Abdominal pain50
Burning pain in penis on urination51
Jaundice52
Hepatitis53
Anaemia54
High blood pressure55
Heartbeat, irregular (arrhythmia)56
Myalgia57
Dermatitis58
Urinary tract infections59
Anorexia6 |
In
case you may think that ‘simple blockage’ by parasites may be too lowly an
explanation for a chronic illness capable of baffling science for years,
let me quote from the 1999 edition of Modern Parasitology:77
“Both
lymphatic and ocular filariasis are accompanied by gross pathological
changes, elephantiasis and blindness, but it is not clear if these have
any immunological basis and current opinion favours simple obstruction.”
So,
despite all their investigations into the subject, these parasitologists
only as recently as 1999 are recognizing that simple blockage by parasites
may hold the key to an illness that had long baffled them.
I Fly to California
I
found someone else homing in on the parasite connection to ill health. Dr
Hulda Clark of California, a former government-funded scientist, claims
that parasites are implicated in a huge number of chronic disorders,
including cancers. I flew out to her clinic and was taught the rudiments
of her electronic method of testing for parasites. I took the opportunity
to have my sputum tested for their presence. It was positive for several
parasite species! Since that time I have learned how to examine
microscopically my own blood, sputum, urine and faeces for parasites.
Being
told you have parasites is one thing, actually seeing them for yourself
coming out of your body is quite another! I took photographs using a
photomicrographic camera, at 100x magnification, Lugol stained, showing
parasite eggs to which I had unwittingly been host.
Elimination of Parasites
Parasites
are all around us. A newspaper of 29 November 19981
stated that one baby cereal tested contained over 20,000 mites per kilo!
In
separate research, a sample of six types of vegetable in an American
study,2
carried out between 1979 and 1981 showed that parasite eggs are virtually
everywhere. It showed that over 50% of all vegetables tested had some
parasites.
Nematodes
are human parasites that are extremely abundant in nature. A single
spadeful of garden soil may contain a million or more!3
Dr
Clark was attempting to eliminate parasites by using herbs and instructing
her patients to avoid parasite eggs by scrupulously removing all dirt from
fruits and vegetables. She also recommends boiling milk and washing
vegetables in an iodine solution to kill Ascaris eggs; sterilizing your
toothbrush with grain alcohol each time you use it; and not licking your
fingers turning over pages in a book. Despite these and more measures,
many patients would still harbour parasites.
But
surely this approach was missing something. Watch any nature programme and
you will see tigers tearing open their prey and inevitably consuming dirt.
It seems to be perfectly natural. Yet wild tigers are strong and healthy
beasts that do not get food allergies or cancers.
And
what about those people who do not wash their fruits and vegetables or
boil their milk? What about those people who do not sterilize their
toothbrush? What about those people who do lick their fingers turning over
pages? Not all become ill. It is clear that many people must be taking in
these parasites, yet remain well.
No,
simply trying to avoid every single parasite and every single egg for the
rest of your life cannot be the entire answer; they are so prevalent it
would be impossible to do so. There had to be another way.
Your ‘Internal
Environment’
It
seemed logical to consider that the person’s health, his/her ‘internal
environment’ if you will, had to play a part in the equation. After all,
it is well known in gardening that plant parasites do not attack healthy
plants.
If
that is the case, the only way to improve the health of a patient is to
improve his/her diet dramatically.
The Discovery
I
obtained 50 million insect parasitic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae,
in an attempt to study their behaviour.
I
noted that they would respond whenever the microscope’s substage
illuminator was switched on. But, other than that, I was floundering to
capture any other significant aspect of their functioning.
One
day, I read that when amoebas are studied on a slide, if one end is cooled
and the other end of the slide is warmed, these parasites will migrate to
the warm end.8
Amoebas
are parasites capable of producing much illness in man.9 Amoebic dysentery
is an illness caused by the organism Entamoeba histolytica and spread by
contaminated food, water, or flies. If the organism enters the portal
circulation, amoebic abscess can result. These abscesses can also invade
the lung, brain or spleen.80
I
read on for a while, then stopped. I had just read something that appeared
insignificant at first but suddenly hit me like a sledgehammer. If the
parasitic amoebas on the microscope slide responded to temperature change,
here, therefore, was an absolutely vital clue to their behaviour:
Parasites are TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE!
Therefore,
if my personal food allergy condition was linked to parasites, and if
parasites are influenced by temperature, then that explains why my food
allergy symptoms disappeared when I had a fever. The low body temperature
that I knew I had, but paid little attention to, must have been ideal for
the parasites and they were only overcome when my body temperature
increased.
Low Body Temperature
It
was also only a relatively recent discovery that I had a chronic low body
temperature, generally in the low 97s (degrees Fahrenheit).
Perhaps
if we could raise our core body temperature, that would keep us parasite
free? Indeed, food allergy free? But how?
I
then recalled that, in Cures that Work,4 a founder member of
Tyringham Health Clinic had recovered from hypothyroidism, which would
have involved subnormal body temperature, by sustaining a natural food
diet for over a year. By dietary means she must surely have managed to
raise her body temperature.
I
also recalled my seven-month diet on fruits and vegetables. My body
temperature, which I recorded each morning, was erratically, but
inexorably, climbing. However, I had never charted it.
I
decided to check back on my diary and do just that. The overall climb in
temperature was undeniable. However, I had not sustained it for the full
18 months to 2/3 years. The number of days of 97.8ºF or above was
increasing as the diet progressed, and the number of days on the lower
level of 97.5ºF and below had all but disappeared (see the chart below).
|
Updated temperature Chart |
| Month |
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
| Days >_ 98.3º |
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
| Days >_ 98.0ºF |
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
5
|
5
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
19
|
12
|
17
|
18
|
18
|
| Days >_ 97.8ºF |
10
|
12
|
12
|
16
|
16
|
16
|
25
|
21
|
25
|
26
|
28
|
28
|
29
|
28
|
| Days <_ 97.5ºF |
5
|
9
|
11
|
1
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Fourteen months into the diet,
with my first experience of days totally free from reactions, here is
my updated temperature chart |
| The erratic nature of body
temperature 'correction' is evident from the above. But for an even
clearer view of the progress, I now break down the above figures into
three-monthly groups |
| |
First
3 Months
|
Second
3 Months
|
Third
3 Months
|
Fourth
3 Months
|
| Days |
|
|
|
|
| 98.3ºF and above |
0
|
1
|
5
|
15
|
| 98.0ºF and above |
18
|
18
|
36
|
48
|
| 97.8ºF and above |
34
|
48
|
71
|
82
|
| 97.5ºF and below |
25
|
7
|
3
|
0
|
Researchers
Emanuel Donchin and Noel Marshall, from the University of Chicago, found
that slight low body temperature, just one or two degrees below normal,
was enough to reduce certain brain responses in test subjects.5
Dr
Stephen Langer,6 estimates that 40% of Americans have subnormal
temperatures. He found that a mere one degree below the desired 98.6ºF is
sufficient to produce a host of mental and physical symptoms such as
headaches, depression, nervousness, etc.
Hospital
blood tests for thyroid function are unreliable. Extreme cases might be
picked up, but many people will have a sub-clinical thyroid system
malfunction, which will be missed by these tests, as they gauge glandular
function by measuring levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream. But
the thyroid hormones have their action in the cells of the body at the
nuclear membrane receptors, and there is no method of accurately measuring
such intracellular activity.
Cancer
The
parasite link to body temperature would explain why so many recoveries
from cancer and other chronic diseases occur on natural food diets like
the Gerson therapy.
It
is not only Dr Clark who has implicated parasites in cancer. Only as
recently as 1999, Professor Jan Walbloomers of the Free University in
Amsterdam found that the HPV, or human papilloma virus, exists in over
99.7% of cases of cervical cancer. This is the first real evidence that
parasites do exist in cancer. That would now give a better explanation for
the success of the Gerson therapy, as the diet would surely raise the body
temperature of such patients, overwhelming the micro-organisms.
One Degree Enough?
The
question is often asked, “How can a mere one degree affect parasites to
the extent that it can incapacitate them?”
Nature
already employs heat as a means of defending our bodies against
micro-organisms. At such times of infection, she produces fever in the
body to overcome them. And when you consider that fever is 100ºF, just
over one degree above 98.6ºF, then clearly Nature herself considers one
degree sufficient to defeat them.
Besides,
it is our human measuring that dictates that one degree is one degree. If
microscopic organisms were to use their own measuring standards, I am sure
our ‘mere’ one degree would translate into a thousand of their degrees!
Scientific Confirmation
I
then found medical confirmation that micro-organisms can be directly
killed by fever in the host animal. From Pyretics and Antipyretics:10
“It
has been recognised that syphilis (caused by the parasite Treponema
pallidum) and gonorrhoea (caused by the parasite Neisseria
gonorrhoea) are heat sensitive and are killed directly by increasing
the temperature of the victim. Indeed, before the advent of antibiotics,
treatment used to consist of using injections in order to bring about
artificial fevers.”
And,
recognizing the existing lack of precise knowledge on parasites,
Microbial and Parasitic Infection11 quotes (highlighting is mine):
“A
pathogen must be able to multiply in or on the host’s tissues. This means
that the host’s tissues must supply appropriate nutrients, atmospheric
conditions and temperature for the pathogen’s growth…”
Pyretics
and Antipyretics12 states:
“The
question of the beneficial value of fever has been the subject of
speculation for many years. Fevers could be beneficial to an animal in two
ways:
(1) The high body temperatures of fever could exceed the temperature
beyond which the infectious micro-organism could live and thereby directly
kill it.
(2) Indirectly by affecting one or several biochemical, cellular or
humoral components of the body which in turn destroy the micro-organism.”
Parasite Symptoms
I
wanted to know how many symptoms attributable to ‘food allergy’ could be
caused by parasites. Trawling through the parasitology literature, I
uncovered the following catalogue of symptoms regularly found listed in
food allergy books:
Long-lived Organisms
Human
parasites are extremely long-lived. Strongyloides can remain in the system
for up to 30 years61 and Taenia saginata – beef tapeworms – can live in
humans for up to 25 years.62
Ascaris
lumbricoides is the commonest parasite on the planet and it is
estimated that approximately one billion63 people have the worm.
Asthma
has been linked to Ascaris after laboratory workers studying them
developed the condition,64 – yet further evidence of the allergy link to
micro-organisms.
Parasites
vary in size, from worms several feet long down to the smallest of all,
viruses.
Why Parasites Have Been
Overlooked
Could
micro-organisms be responsible for a host of common health disorders, yet
simply be overlooked? Almost certainly.
If
medical science can miss something as highly visible and obvious as a
chunk of bread and cheese as being responsible for someone’s symptoms –
and it has – is it not reasonable that they could similarly miss something
that is invisible to the naked eye, hidden inside the body, and
undetectable by X-ray or MRI equipment?
But
the main reason could be the confusion over what are harmless (commensal)
and harmful (pathogenic) parasites.65
The
Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Parasitology66 states: “Few people
realize that only a few decades ago Giardia lamblia, now recognized as the
leading cause of intestinal parasitic infections in the United States, was
not considered a pathogen.”
Now,
there is confusion over the status of Blastocystis hominis. Next to yeast,
Blastocystis hominis is the most frequently observed organism in faecal
samples.67
Also,
many people can harbour Giardia lamblia or Entamoeba histolytica and not
display symptoms. Whilst symptoms from what were considered harmless
commensal parasites, Entamoeba coli or Endolimax nana, have been
reported.68-71
I
suggest that ‘commensal’ parasites are misclassified because of the
complication that is inherent in food allergy.
With
food allergics, if parasites truly are implicated, their activity would
occur only for the duration of the reaction. At such time they could be
declared pathogenic. But the same parasite, once the reaction wore off and
was no longer causing symptoms, could be declared a harmless commensal:
that cause for misclassification would occur if the test subjects had
masked (hidden) food allergies.
And
what if the subjects were not food allergics? The parasite this time would
appear a harmless commensal. But it would only be harmless to that
non-food-allergic person. To the food-allergic patient, that harmless
parasite could well be a pathogen. Just as a slice of bread may be
harmless to a non-food-allergic, to a food allergic, that same bread may
be harmful.
It
is clear that we should not be trying to establish the ‘pathogenicity’ of
any particular organism but rather assess the health of the patient. After
all, people can ‘carry’ a parasite yet be entirely asymptomatic, whilst
others can be at death’s door with the same organism. HIV and meningitis
organisms are such examples.
Classifying
micro-organisms into their pathogenicity or non-pathogenicity is a
misleading exercise. The missing factor that separates the ill from the
well might well be simple body temperature, now that we see its importance
in the life of the human parasite.
From
Microbial and Parasitic Infection:74
“Failure
of the host’s defences to eliminate a pathogen soon after its arrival may
result in persistent active disease. Often, however, there is a balance
between the pathogen and the defences, and the infection may remain
asymptomatic for many years but turn into active disease again when the
balance is shifted in favour of the pathogen.”
The
same book later states: “An increase in body temperature is a very
common host response to infection. It may well be protective in some
circumstances, e.g., by providing an environment too warm for optimal
growth of the pathogen (microorganism).”
Hereditary Illness: The
Answer?
The
well-known tendency for allergies to ‘run in the family’ might now be
explained.
We
know that ‘allergic’ conditions can be inherited. But the real truth could
well be that, as parasites are involved in allergic activity, it is the
parasitic organisms that can be passed to the offspring from the parents.
References
1. News of the World. London. 29 November 1998.
2. Rude RA et al. Survey of Fresh Vegetables for Nematodes, Amoebae and
Salmonella. J Assoc Anal Chem. 67: 613-615. 1984.
3. Keeton William Y and Gould James L. Biological Science. WW Norton &
Company. New York. pp1121-1122. 1967.
4. Pleshette Janet. Cures that Work. Century Arrow. London. 1986.
5. Marshall Noel K. A Chilling Effect. Psychology Today. 92. February
1982.
6. Langer Stephen E. Solved: The Riddle of Illness. Keats Publishing. New
Canaan. Connecticut. 1984.
7. Science Corner. Evening News. Edinburgh. 10 October 1998.
8. Kennedy David. How to Save Your Teeth: Toxic-free Preventive Dentistry.
Health Action Press. Delaware. USA. p39. 1993.
9. Hawken CM. Parasites. Woodland Publishing. Utah. pp12-13. 1997.
10. Milton AS. Pyretics and Antipyretics. Springer-Verlag. New York. p9.
1982.
11. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p38. 1993.
12. Milton AS. Pyretics and Antipyretics. Springer-Verlag. New York. 1982.
13. Gelpa AP and Mustafa A. Ascaris Pneumonia. Am J Med. 44: 377. 1968.
14. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p145. 1993.
15. Ibid. p200.
16. Charters AD. Human Parasitology. Perth. W. Australia. p70. 1983.
17. Cox FEG. Modern Parasitology. Blackwell Science. 2nd ed. Oxford. p71.
1999.
18. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. pp310-311. 1993.
19. Hawken CM. Parasites. Woodland Publishing. Utah. p17. 1997.
20. BBC Television News. 6pm. 14 August 1998.
21. Charters AD. Human Parasitology. Perth. W. Australia. p34. 1983.
22. Hawken CM. Parasites. Woodland Publishing. Utah. p17. 1997.
23. Literature. Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, Asheville, North
Carolina, USA. 1998.
24. Charters AD. Human Parasitology. Perth. W. Australia. p34. 1983.
25. Literature. Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, Asheville, North
Carolina, USA. 1998.
26. Gittleman Ann Louise. Guess What Came to Dinner. Avery Publishing
Group. Garden City Park. New York. p23. 1993.
27. Chaitow Leon. Candida Albicans. Thorsons. London. p10. 1985.
28. Hawken CM. Parasites. Woodland Publishing. Utah. p16. 1997.
29. Ibid.
30. Gittleman Ann Louise. Guess What Came to Dinner. Avery Publishing
Group. Garden City Park. New York. p46. 1993.
31. Wilson Alan R. An Introduction to Parasitology. St Martin’s Press. New
York. 1967.
32. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. pp141-142. 1993.
33. Ibid.
34. Charters AD. Human Parasitology. Perth. W. Australia. p122. 1983.
35. Ibid.
36. Gittleman Ann Louise. Guess What Came to Dinner. Avery Publishing
Group. Garden City Park. New York. p23. 1993.
37. Literature. Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, Asheville, North
Carolina, USA. 1998.
38. Ibid.
39. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. pp303-304. 1993.
40. Gittleman Ann Louise. Guess What Came to Dinner. Avery Publishing
Group. Garden City Park. New York. p46. 1993.
41. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p134. 1993.
42. Ibid. p307.
43. Ibid. p76.
44. Gittleman Ann Louise. Guess What Came to Dinner. Avery Publishing
Group. Garden City Park. New York. p23. 1993.
45. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p200. 1993.
46, 47, 48, 49. Ibid.
50. Charters AD. Human Parasitology. Perth. W. Australia. p29. 1983.
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58. Ibid.
59. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. pp284-286. 1993.
60. Literature. Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, Asheville, North
Carolina, USA. 1998.
61. Galland IMD et al. Journal of Nutritional Med. 1: 27-31. 1990.
62. Hawken CM. Parasites. Woodland Publishing. Utah. 1997.
63. Gittleman Ann Louise. Guess What Came to Dinner. Avery Publishing
Group. Garden City Park. New York. p45. 1993.
64. Gelpa AP and Mustafa A. Ascaris Pneumonia. Am J Med. 44: 377. 1968.
65. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p26. 1993.
66. Sun Tsieho. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Parasitology.
Igaku-Shoin Medical Publishers. 1988.
67. Literature. Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, Asheville, North
Carolina, USA. 1998.
68. Wahlgren M. Lancet. 337: 675. 1991.
69. Corcoran GD et al. Lancet. 338: 254. 1991.
70. Veraldi S et al. Int J Derm. 30: 376 .1991.
71. Rolston KVI et al. N Engl J Med. p192. 17 July 1986.
72. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p218. 1993.
73. Boda JL, Fernandez-Nogues F, Cerda E and Rufi G. Neurological
Manifestations in a Patient with Filariasis. BMJ. 2: 978. 1976.
74. Duerden BI, Reid TMS and Jewsbury JM. Microbial and Parasitic
Infection. Edward Arnold. London. p.61. 1993.
75. Ibid. p43.
76. Charters AD. Human Parasitology. Perth. W. Australia. p29. 1983.
77. Cox FEG. Modern Parasitology. Blackwell Science. 2nd ed. Oxford. p209.
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