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Table Of Contents

Studies On Toxic Properties of Ozone

Also, read here: The Whole Story About Subnormal Body Temperature And Ozone

Source

Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 1994 Oct;440:1-314

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ozone (CAS No. 10028-15-6) and Ozone/NNK (CAS No. 10028-15-6/ 64091-91-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies).

National Toxicology Program.

There is widespread concern over the health effects of oxidant air pollutants. The state of California and the Health Effects Institute (HEI) (a nonprofit research institute funded jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] and combustion engine manufacturers) nominated ozone for evaluation in long-term animal studies.

The NTP study designs were a result of a series of meetings at the NIEHS with scientists from NIEHS, USEPA, and HEI, as well as experts from academic institutions working in the area of air pollutants.

Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to ozone by inhalation for 4 weeks, 2 years, or for 124 weeks (rats) or 130 weeks (mice). The oxygen used to generate the ozone was greater than 99.9% pure. Additional groups of male F344/N rats were administered injections of 4-(N-methyl-Nnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (~99% pure) 3 times per week for 20 weeks and exposed to ozone by inhalation for 2 years.

Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium.

4-WEEK OZONE STUDY IN RATS:

Groups of five male and five female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 20 days.

All rats survived to the end of the study. The final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of 0.5 ppm males and females and of 1.0 ppm females were similar to those of the controls.

The final mean body weight of 1.0 ppm males was 7% lower than that of the controls.

Clinical findings included hypoactivity in 1.0 ppm males and females and ruffled fur in exposed groups of males.

Male and female rats exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 ppm developed multifocal lesions of the lung, which consisted of infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages with extension of the bronchial epithelium into the alveolar ducts.

Female rats exposed to ozone developed minimal squamous metaplasia of the laryngeal epithelium at the base of the epiglottis. Absolute and relative lung weights of all exposed groups of males and females were greater than those of the controls, and absolute and relative thymus weights of all exposed groups were generally lower than those of the controls.

4-WEEK OZONE STUDY IN MICE:

Groups of five male and five female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a total of 20 days. All mice survived to the end of the study.

The final mean body weights and body weight gains of all exposed groups of mice were less than those of the controls.

Hypoactivity was observed in 1.0 ppm mice. Male and female mice exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 ppm ozone developed patchy, multifocal lesions of the lung, which consisted of infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages with extension of the bronchial epithelium into the alveolar ducts. The relative lung weight of 1.0 ppm males was significantly greater than that of the controls. There were no other statistically significant differences in absolute or relative organ weights in males or females.

2-YEAR OZONE STUDY IN RATS:

Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 105 weeks.

Survival, Body Weights, and Clinical Findings:

Survival of exposed groups of rats was similar to that of the controls at the end of the study.

The mean body weights of 0.12 and 0.5 ppm males and females were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. The mean body weights of 1.0 ppm males and females were slightly lower than those of the controls throughout the study.

Hypoactivity was observed in male and female rats exposed to ozone.

Pathology Findings:

Increased incidences of ozone-induced metaplasia occurred in the nose and lung of rats exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 ppm ozone. The lesions in the nose were characterized by an increase in the number of goblin the number of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium with mild squamous metaplasia of the cuboidal epithelium on the lateral wall. The increase in the number of goblet cells was found primarily in level I and II epithelium occurring along the lateral wall and on the maxilloturbinates and nasoturbinates. The metaplasia in the lung was a patchy multifocal lesion consisting of extension of the bronchial epithelium into the alveoli of the centriacinar region.

This may represent more an extension of the bronchial epithelium into the pulmonary parenchyma than an actual transition of one epithelial cell type into another.

There were increased incidences of squamous metaplasia at the base of the epiglottis characterized by one or more layers of flattened epithelial cells where low cuboidal cells are normally found.

There were no increases in the incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma in either males or females exposed to ozone.

LIFETIME OZONE STUDY IN RATS:

For this study, rats were exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 ppm ozone for an additional 6 months to determine the effect of extended exposure on neoplasm incidence. Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 125 weeks.

Survival, Body Weights, and Clinical Findings:

Survival rates of exposed rats were similar to those of the controls. The mean body weights of 0.5 ppm males and females were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. The mean body weights of 1.0 ppm males and females were slightly lower than those of the controls for the first two years of the study.

Hypoactivity was observed in exposed groups of males and females.

Pathology Findings:

Increased incidences of metaplasia occurred in the nose, larynx, and lung of rats exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 ppm ozone. The lung lesions were multifocal, centriacinar and were characterized by the presence of cuboidal epithelium (ciliated and nonciliated) along the alveolar ducts where type I epithelium is normally present. Inflammation (histiocytic infiltration) and interstitial fibrosis were observed in the lung of exposed males and females, and hyperplasia was observed in the nose of exposed male and female groups.

There were no ozone-related increased incidences of neoplasms.

2-YEAR OZONE/NNK STUDY IN MALE RATS:

An intermediate concentration of 0.5 ppm ozone was combined with exposure to two levels of a known carcinogen (0.1 and 1.0 mg NNK/kg body weight) in order to determine if ozone promotes the carcinogenic process or acts as a cocarcinogen.

Groups of 48 male F344/N rats were exposed to 0 or 0.5 ppm ozone by inhalation, 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. During the first 20 weeks of the study, these rats were subcutaneously injected with 0, 0.1, or 1.0 mg NNK per kg body weight in trioctanoin three times weekly.

Survival and Body Weights:

Two-year survival rates of male rats were similar in all groups. Final mean body weights of all males exposed to NNK alone or NNK and ozone were similar to that of the controls, with the exception of rats exposed to 1.0 mg NNK/kg body weight and 0.5 ppm ozone.

Hypoactivity was observed in males exposed to NNK and ozone, in those exposed to NNK without ozone, and in those exposed to ozone only.

Pathology Findings:

Alveolar epithelial metaplasia and interstitial fibrosis occurred in all groups of rats exposed to ozone or to NNK and ozone, but not in those exposed to NNK without ozone. Increased incidences of hyperplasia occurred in groups of rats exposed to NNK or to ozone and NNK. Incidences of hyperplasia were similar among groups of rats exposed to NNK only. An increased incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) occurred in rats administered 1.0 mg/kg NNK, with or without ozone.

The administration of ozone did not affect the occurrence of pulmonary neoplasms or nonneoplastic lesions in rats administered NNK.

2-YEAR OZONE STUDY IN MICE:

The 2-year study was designed to include the present USEPA standard (0.12 ppm), the maximum concentration believed compatible with long-term survival (1.0 ppm), and an intermediate concentration (0.5 ppm). Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 105 weeks.

Survival, Body Weights, and Clinical Findings:

Survival rates of exposed mice were generally similar to those of the controls; the 2-year survival rate of 1.0 ppm females was greater than that of the controls. The mean body weights of 0.12 and 0.5 ppm males were similar to that of the controls throughout the study; the mean body weights of 1.0 ppm males and of all exposed groups of females were generally lower than those of the controls throughout the study.

Hypoactivity was observed in male and female mice exposed to ozone.

Pathology Findings:

Increased incidences of metaplasia occurred in the nose and lung of mice exposed to 0.5 or 1.0 ppm ozone. The metaplasia in the nose consisted of increased thickening and extension of the squamous epithelium in the anterior portion of the nasal passage. The metaplasia in the lung consisted of extension of the bronchial epithelium into the alveoli of the centriacinar region. There were increased incidences of hyperplasia in the nose characterized by thickening of the noncuboidal (transitional) epithelium. There were increased incidences of hyperplasia in the epiglottis of female mice, a change that was characterized by a minimal increase in the thickness of the epithelium. Incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were marginally increased in 0.5 and 1.0 ppm males (0 ppm, 14/50; 0.12 ppm, 13/50; 0.5 ppm, 18/50; 1.0 ppm, 19/50) and were increased in 1.0 ppm females (6/50, 7/50, 9/49, 16/50).

LIFETIME OZONE STUDY IN MICE:

For this study, mice were exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 ppm ozone for 30 months to determine the effect of extended exposure on neoplasm incidence. Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 130 weeks.

Survival and Body Weights:

Survival rates of exposed mice were similar to those of the controls.

The mean body weights of 0.5 ppm males and females were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. The mean body weights of 1.0 ppm males and females were generally lower than those of the controls throughout the study. Hypoactivity was observed in male and female mice exposed to ozone.

Pathology Findings:

The incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and carcinoma (combined) were marginally increased in exposed males (0 ppm, 16/49; 0.5 ppm, 22/49; 1.0 ppm, 21/50) and in exposed females (6/50, 8/49, 12/50).

Increased incidences of metaplasia occurred in the nose, larynx, and lung of exposed groups of males and females, and the incidences of hyperplasia were increased in the larynx and nose of exposed mice. The morphology of the lesions was similar to that seen in the 2-year study.

There were no ozone-related increases in alveolar epithelial hyperplasia.

GENETIC TOXICOLOGY:

Ozone was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA102, with and without S9 metabolic activation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Under the conditions of these 2-year and lifetime inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of ozone in male or female F344/N rats exposed to 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm.

There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of ozone in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma.

There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of ozone in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma.

There was no evidence that exposure to 0.5 ppm ozone enhanced the incidence of NNK-induced pulmonary neoplasms in male rats.

Exposure of male and female rats to ozone for 2 years or 125 weeks was associated with goblet cell hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia in the nose, squamous metaplasia in the larynx, and metaplasia (extension of bronchial epithelium into the centriacinar alveolar ducts) and interstitial fibrosis in the lung. Exposure of male and female mice to ozone for 2 years or 130 weeks was associated with hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia in the nose and inflammation (histiocytic infiltration) and metaplasia (extension of bronchial epithelium into the centriacinar alveolar ducts) of the lung.

PMID: 12595923 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Source

OZONE LEVELS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Data from IOA
Edited by Den (Zdenek) Rasplicka - Ozone Services

ppm = Parts per million volume air concentration

0.001 ppm
Lowest value detectable by hypersensitive humans. Too low to measure accurately with elaborate electronic equipment.

0.003 ppm
Threshold of odor perception in laboratory environment, 50 per cent confidence level.

0.003 ppm to 0.010 ppm
The threshold of odor perception by the average person in clean air. Readily detectable by most normal persons. These concentrations can be measured with fair accuracy. Ozone levels measured in typical residences and offices equipped with a properly operating electronic air cleaner when outdoor ozone level is low. Infiltrating outdoor ozone could cause higher indoor concentrations.

0.020 ppm
Threshold of odor perception in laboratory environment, 90 per cent confidence level.

0.001 to 0.125 ppm
Typical ozone concentrations found in the natural atmosphere. These levels of concentration vary with altitude, atmospheric conditions and locale.

0.020 to 0.040 ppm
Representative average total oxidant concentrations in some major cities in 1964. Approximately 95 per cent or greater of these oxidants are generally accepted to be ozone.

0.040 ppm
CSA maximum limit for devices for household use. Measured as sustained concentration in test room.

0.050 ppm
Maximum allowable ozone concentration recommended by ASHRAE in an air conditioned and ventilated space.

0.050 ppm
Maximum ozone concentration produced by electronic air cleaners and similar residential devices according to the proposed amendment of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.

0.064 ppm
Proposed national ambient air quality standards for photochemical oxidants (maximum 1 hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year).

0.100 ppm
The maximum allowable ozone concentration in industrial working areas: permissible human exposure - 8 hours per day, 6 days a week.

0.100 ppm
Continuous maximum ozone concentration allowable (per U.S. Navy_ in confined quarters such as atomic submarines.

0.100 ppm
Maximum allowable limit for industrial, public, or occupied spaces in England, Japan, France, the Netherlands and Germany.

0.15 to 0.51 ppm
Typical peak concentrations in American cities.

0.200 ppm
Prolonged exposure of humans under occupational and experimental conditions produced no apparent ill effects. The threshold level at which nasal and throat irritation will result appears to be about 0.300 ppm.

0.300 ppm
The ozone level at which some species of plant life began to show signs of ozone effects. Foliage injury appears as dark stipples, light flecks, dead patches and general discoloration. The stomata (pores) of adult leaves are the first areas to show signs of damage.

0.500 ppm
The ozone level at which Los Angeles, California, declares its Smog Alert No. 1. Can cause nausea and headaches in some individuals. Extended exposure could cause lung edema (an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or serous cavity). Enhances the susceptibility to respiratory infections.

The toxicity study above looked at ozone at the level of 1 ppm.

1.00 to 2.00 ppm
Los Angeles, California, declares its Smog Alert No. 2 at 1.00 ppm ozone concentration and Smog Alert No. 3 at 1.500 ppm. When this range of ozone concentration was inhaled by human volunteers for 2 hours, it caused symptoms which could be tolerated without incapacitation with the symptoms subsiding after a few days. The symptoms were headache, pain in the chest, and dryness of the respiratory tract.

1.40 to 5.60 ppm
The pinto bean exposed to 1.4 to 5.0 ppm ozone concentrations for 70 minutes showed some signs of severe injury to mature leaves.

5.00 to 25.00 ppm
Experimentation showed that a 3 hour exposure at 12 ppm was lethal for Guinea pigs. Welders who were exposed to 9 ppm concentration plus other air pollutants developed pulmonary edema. Chest X-rays were normal in 2 to 3 weeks, but 9 months later they still complained of fatigue and exertional dyspnea (labored respiration).

25.00 ppm and up
Ozone concentrations that are immediately hazardous to human life are unknown but on the basis of animal experimentation, and exposure at 50 ppm concentration for 60 minutes would probably be fatal.

source

air purifiers and other

updated mon 3 nov 97

Monona Rossol on thu 5 sep 96 (75054.2542@CompuServe.COM)

All,

NOX-OUT:

The Nox-out molecular absorber I saw advertised was a jar of pellets that
are supposed to purify the air in the room. Stuff just runs over to the jar
and jumps in, right?

ALPINE AIR PURIFIERS

The Alpine Industries air purifiers were discussed in Consumer Reports.
Included was information on the hazards of ozone, which is a toxic gas
with the same air quality standard as phosgene (chemical warfare gas). Yet
companies like Alpine Air Products and Quantum have tried so strenuously to
get you to believe that ozone is safe that it ran afoul of the courts.
According to Consumer Reports (Oct 1992, p. 661):

"Last fall, a Minnesota state court found Alpine Air Products and its
president guilty of violating consumer fraud laws for claiming that ozone is
safe and necessary indoors, has positive health benefits, poses no risk to
people with respiratory problems, and that Alpine air cleaners emit only low
and harmless levels of ozone."

Apparently, Alpine reps just don't get it. They keep saying the same
old thing. As a chemist, I am particularly appalled at the suggestion that
Carl Ross made that you should have enough ozone in the house to detoxify
your formaldehyde. Air is mostly empty space and to get a significant number
of ozone and formaldehyde molecules together to make a difference, you's have
to have very high concentrations of ozone!

This problem is addressed in an article called "Use of Ozone Generating
Devices to Improve Indoor Air Quality," Mark F. Boeniger from the National
Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, published in the American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1995. The writer concludes that
"ozone is not a practical and effective means of improving indoor air
quality, especially in light of its potentially serious risk to health."
Anyone who wants a copy of this article can write/e-mail me their snail mail
address.

The reason these devices keep getting used is that ozone smells like "fresh
air" and can fool your nose into thinking things are better than they are.
It also deadens your ability to smell after a while.

Needless to say, Consumer Reports does not recommend any ozonizer and
neither would I. I wont even recommend ESP units if they produce
significant amounts of ozone.

To give you some perspective, I've picked out some workplace air quality
standards for some chemicals you might have heard of. The smaller the
number of parts per million (ppm), the less is allowed in the air in order to
protect workers. (Most are both ACGIH TLVs and OSHA PELs.)

AIRBORNE SUBSTANCE.....TLV &/or PEL
ethyl alcohol............1000 ppm
acetone...................750 ppm
odorless paint thinner....300 ppm
turpentine, xylene, etc...100 ppm
toluene, n-hexane..........50 ppm
ammonia, carbon monoxide...25 ppm
nitric acid.................2 ppm
formaldehyde................0.75 (OSHA standard only)
chlorine gas................0.5 ppm
ozone.......................0.1 ppm *

* And ACGIH has proposed lowering it to 0.05 ppm!

Other 0.1 ppm TLV gases include acrolein (from hot wax), bromine,
chloropicrin, dichlorvos (a pesticide now banned for household use), phosgene
(warfare gas), and stibine (antimony hydride). If you wouldn't add these to
your air, don't add ozone.

Potters have to work with enough chemicals that are potential lung hazards
without spending money on a machine that makes more.

On another subject:

LYNN'S LIST: sharp-eyed Lynn Barth sent me some glaze formulas off the
Clayart list that contain essentially no hazardous metals. They are based on
fluxes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, occasionally a little
zinc, etc. The colorants are iron primarily. These are the formulas we
should be honing to perfection for foodware.

Monona Rossol, industrial hygienist
Arts, Crafts and Theater Safety
181 Thompson St., # 23
New York, NY 10012-2586 212/777-0062

William Amsterlaw on fri 6 sep 96 (wamster@msn.com)

To Monona Rossol:

On Thu, 5 Sep 1996 you wrote:
>>
Yet companies like Alpine Air Products and Quantum have tried so strenuously
to get you to believe that ozone is safe that it ran afoul of the courts.
<<

Thanks for a rigorous discussion, prepared with exceptional care.

- Bill Amsterlaw
Plattsburgh, NY

wrolley@garlic.com on fri 6 sep 96 (wrolley@garlic.com)

Monona,
That is good advice on ozone. As a practical definition of the problems with
ozone, I would like to tell about a problem that IBM solved within the American
Airlines computer center back in the 1970s. The problem manifested itself in tw
ways: the first was an annoyance in that that certain machines would develop a
"tacky" paint after months in the computer room. If you leaned against the
machine, fibers from your clothes will stick to the paint, though none seemed to
come off on your clothes. The second problem was more serious, causing
computer down-time. Rubber shock cushions under rotating disk units were
disintegrating within 6 to 9 months. Also transfer valves in the vaccum collums
tape drives were failing at a rate that was 2 to 3 time higher than in similar
installations.

The cause of the problem was finally traced to the fact that American Airlines w
using an electrostatic precipitator to "clean" the air in the computer room of d
While the electrostatic charge was knocking the dust from the air, it was also
building up the quantity of ozone, causing any rubberized parts to disintegrate.
Yes, the paint on the "tacky" machines was a latex base. The same ozone
problem causes rubber windshield wipers to fail quickly in Los Angeles basin.
Thank goodness they don't get much rain.

wrolley@garlic.com CrossPlatform Creativity
Reflections Publishing, Inc. CrossPlatform Multimedia Development

Carl Ross on sat 7 sep 96 (Carlross@aol.com)

I have to comment on that,

for the alpine air purifier to produce an even harmful amount of ozone, it
would take one of the models made for 2500 Square feet in a 10x10 room full
blast. it produces such a minute amount that it has passed all the lab tests.
The Alpine Air purifiers produce only enough for it to be beneficial when
used correctly. It says clearly right on the machine the square footage for
it to cover at a safe level. It really is less than .04 parts per million
which is within the guideline for it being beneficial.

The ozone makes it merely like it was just after a thunderstorm all the time.

Gotta go,

Carl in Phillips

Bill Aycock on sun 8 sep 96 (baycock@HiWAAY.net)

At 08:00 AM 9/7/96 EDT, you (Carl Ross) wrote: *** in part ***
>----------------------------Original message----------------------------
>I have to comment on that,
>
It really is less than .04 parts per million
>which is within the guideline for it being beneficial.

>Carl in Phillips
>
Carl- Just what guidlines are those ? please give me a reference I can check.

Bill- being very skeptical on Persimmon Hill

Bill Aycock --- Persimmon Hill --- Woodville, Alabama, USA --- (in
the N.E. corner of the State)
also-- W4BSG -- Grid EM64

Carl Ross on sun 8 sep 96 (Carlross@aol.com)

Bill,

I must be honest in saying that this is the only time anyone ever questioned
this before. The people who first made the Apline Air Purifiers did plenty of
research as to whether it is safe or not. The only reason they are not UL
listed is that they are the first of their kind. They are often imitated but
never paralleled. The Underwriters Laboratories is still looking at these
machines and are stumped, because they have nothing to compare them to. If
you give me your Address I'll send you a focus pack which will tell you all
the scientific stuff you need to know. All I know is they work and the only
problem I have had is when we first plugged it in we had to keep it a little
low because it had to have time to clean the air first. If you want we sold
one to a friend in Texas. Her E-mail address is ktjude@intertex.net. my
father met her through a list and she turned me on to Vince's Colored Clay
workshop, and Clayart.

I hope this reassures you.

Gotta Go,

Carl in Phillips

P.S. I would be glad to have a conference call with some of the people that
know more about it than me. I just try to watch so people can be aware of all
their options.

Check out this sight also
http://members.aol.com/Yumeni/essen.htm
I just looked under ozone.
You may want to look around some of the other sites also.

Bill Aycock on mon 9 sep 96 (baycock@HiWAAY.net)

At 11:07 PM 9/8/96 EDT, you wrote: *** in part ***
>----------------------------Original message----------------------------
>Bill,
>
>I must be honest in saying that this is the only time anyone ever questioned
>this before.
>Carl in Phillips
>
Carl- I think you misunderstood my question. I have no need for information
re the Alpine machine,( at least at this time) and only asked for data to
quantify the "beneficial level" of Ozone.

I know what Ozone is, and how it smells, and some ways it is generated.
What I dont have a clue about is any level that is good, and what research
substantiates it. I looked at the reference you mentioned (will read it
carefully later), and the first two pages had only vague
generalities. I dont need any brochures, just information.

Thanks- Bill- living in relatively clean air, on Persimmon Hill.
>

Bill Aycock --- Persimmon Hill --- Woodville, Alabama, USA --- (in
the N.E. corner of the State)
also-- W4BSG -- Grid EM64

Carl Ross on tue 10 sep 96 (Carlross@aol.com)

I must add that I just heard from our up line that Alpine Air purifiers will
soon have a sensor that will act as an ozone thermostat. it will also soon
have a light indicating ionization.

sorry to clog up the list with irrelavent info.

Carl

Alpine Faces Contempt Charge

Source

WASHINGTON, April 18, 2000 -- The Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice have filed a motion in Federal Court to hold Alpine Industries, its officers and a related company, EcoQuest International in civil contempt of a Court order issued in January 2000.

The government is asking the Court to order the companies to stop making prohibited claims in marketing their air cleaning products, remove prohibited product claims from their Web sites, and impose daily fines if they continue to violate the order.

In January, a Federal judge ordered Alpine, a manufacturer of ozone generating air treatment machines, to stop claiming that its machines provide relief from any medical condition or that they effectively remove or reduce a wide variety of air pollutants from indoor environments. The injunction followed a November 1, 1999, verdict in which a Federal jury found unanimously that Alpine violated a 1995 FTC order by failing to have "competent and reliable scientific evidence" to support hundreds of claims for their air cleaning products. Alpine was also found to make unsupported claims that its products control indoor ozone levels.

The government's motion alleges that Alpine violated the January order by making prohibited claims about its ozone generators. Shortly after the Court's January order, Alpine sold its marketing operations to EcoQuest International, a new corporation.

Alpine Industries is a privately held, multi-level marketing company that claims to have between 75,000 and 100,000 active dealers nationwide. Its main facilities are in Greene County, Tennessee. William J. Converse is the company's president and chief executive officer. Michael Jackson is vice president and heads the company's marketing activities, which are now run by him through EcoQuest. The flagship product of Alpine Industries is the XL-15, which sells for approximately $600 per unit.

Source

EcoQuest Intl

Here is a News Article about Alpine and Ecoquest Intl

Alpine Industries ‘Spins Off’ New Firm, EcoQuest International
By: By CAMERON JUDD/Assistant Managing Editor
Source: The Greeneville Sun 01-17-2000

Alpine Industries Inc., the Greeneville-based major manufacturer of indoor air and water purification appliances, is spinning off its marketing and distribution services to create a new company.
Bill Converse, president and founder of Alpine, told approximately 550 mployees at the company’s Mt. Pleasant Industrial Park headquarters and manufacturing facility this morning that a company called EcoQuest International has been formed to take over the multi-level marketing network through which Alpine’s products are sold.

EcoQuest International will be solely owned by Michael Jackson, who has been a co-owner and executive vice president of Alpine, according to a spokesperson.
Jackson has been Converse’s partner in Alpine since 1994.
EcoQuest will assume ownership of Alpine’s entire dealer network, which includes more than 150,000 active dealers nationwide, Alpine announced in a press release issued this morning.
At the same time, Eva Converse, Bill Converse’s wife, will become the sole owner of Alpine Industries, while Bill Converse will continue as president. Previously, Jackson was an Alpine co-owner.
Terms of the business reorganization, indicating who paid what to whom, were not disclosed. A spokesperson said that the business reorganization is “in process” and is expected to be completed by the end of this month.

EcoQuest also will assume ownership of related computer hardware and software and the trade names for Living Air, Living Water, Alive and Wellness and other current Alpine products.
The press release stated, “EcoQuest will continue to focus on providing consumers with innovative products and services designed to enhance the quality, safety, convenience and comfort of indoor living — which is at the core of Alpine’s technologies — expanding its product line to include items produced by other manufacturers as well.”

Converse’s Role BR> Converse said he will head Alpine’s science and engineering functions, with Alpine becoming what the press release calls “a focused research and development-based manufacturer of environmental technologies and appliances.”
For the time being, both companies will continue to operate out of the same Mt. Pleasant Industrial Park facility, according to Cindy McConkey, who handles Alpine’s and EcoQuest’s public relations and information functions through the Knoxville-based Ackermann Public Relations and Marketing firm.
In a telephone interview this morning, McConkey said that both Alpine and EcoQuest expect to grow through the years, a statement indicating that a division into new, separate facilities could happen later, along with new jobs.
Although no official timetable for such further developments is in place, “this is a growth plan,” McConkey said, referring to the restructuring.

Advance Notice Given
Advance word of today’s announcement was given over the weekend to about 350 of Alpine’s top dealers, who had gathered in San Antonio, Texas, for the company’s annual “bonus banquet,” at which awards, bonuses, etc., are given to top-performingdistributors.
The announcement, made in Texas by Converse, was “well-received” by the dealers, McConkey said.

Under the restructuring, Alpine will continue to develop and produce products, and EcoQuest will be given the opportunity to obtain first rights to market them.
Such rights have already been obtained by EcoQuest for Alpine’s best-known existing product lines, she said.
Should EcoQuest decline to pick up marketing rights for future products, Alpine will have the right to distribute them in other ways, McConkey said.

Headquarters To Stay Here
Converse was quoted in the press release as saying, “‘If you had told me that what I started in the basement of my home 14 years ago would become a $200 million company with more than 700 employees locally and across the country and an international distribution network of more than 350,000 distributors, I would have wondered what you had been inhaling.’”
Converse continued, in the press release: “‘Alpine Industries has been so successful, and I’m so proud of our engineering team, of the people here at this plant who make our products, of my partner and friend, Michael Jackson, and of all of our distributors who understand the need for our products and the business opportunity we’ve created for them. This is a great platform for going on to the next level.’”
Converse emphasized in the release that both Alpine Industries’ science and engineering and the new company, EcoQuest, would remain headquartered in Greeneville, which he said “has proven to be an ideal place to do business.”

‘Not Related To FTC Case McConkey told the Sun this morning that she has heard informal discussions of the idea for many months.
Alpine leaders made a conscious decision, she said, to go ahead with an idea that was needed for the welfare and growth of its business, despite the inevitability that speculation would be made attempting to link the move to the FTC matter.
In November 1999, Alpine Industries and Converse lost on most points of a civil lawsuit brought against them on behalf of the United States, through the FTC, alleging that the company lacked “competent and reliable scientific evidence” to back many of its claims regarding the efficacy of its air cleaning products.
Attorneys for Alpine and Converse have said they plan to seek either a new trial or a new verdict in the case.

The restructuring “‘is a significant change in our business strategy, and that’s not something you conjure up overnight,’" Converse stated in the press release.
“‘This has nothing to do with the FTC case. Alpine Industries will continue to act in good faith to meet all of its responsibilities.
“‘The restructuring is something we have been working toward for some time now as part of our long-range growth strategy. As a courtesy, we already have discussed it with the judge overseeing the case and notified the FTC of our plans.”
No response had been received from the FTC about the announcement as of this morning, McConkey said.

‘Level Requires More Focus’
The press release continues to quote Converse: “‘We simply are at the maturity level in this company that requires us to become even more focused — and what Michael (Jackson) does best is the marketing and distribution, while my true strengths lie in research and development.
“‘In the last year or so, we had found ourselves limited in many ways. And when that happens, you have to find ways to get beyond the plateau and begin climbing new summits.’”
According to the press release, Alpine Industries has grown from a base of revenues of $7 million in 1994 to $187 million in 1997.
During that same time period, its dealer base ballooned from 20,000 to nearly 250,000, a figure now up to 350,000, McConkey said. About 150,000 of those dealers are actively selling the products.
In 1998, the company was recognized for its business success, ranking 84th on the prestigious Inc. 500 list of the fastest growing companies in America.
Alpine Industries has been honored as the Multi-Level Marketing Company of the Year three times in recent years by various trade organizations and trade media.

Converse is further quoted in the release: “‘We have been in the midst of developing some exciting new products and new technologies through our engineering and R-and-D (research and development) function, only to have to set that work aside because it did not fit into the abilities of our sales network.
“‘Sales and marketing of highly technical equipment, often developed for specific, science-based niches, require a very different approach to sales than the diverse, consumer-focused sales network we have in place today.
“‘Alpine Industries’ science and engineering has the ability to develop cutting edge technologies with large-scale applications for food processing, water quality, waste management and farming.
“‘By restructuring and tightening our focus on engineering, development and manufacturing, we are free to work with other technology companies and laboratories to pursue these business opportunities nationally and internationally.’”
Converse said that Alpine will have to build a small, more traditional sales and marketing function internally, the release stated.
But he also noted that the restructuring “does not mean a parting of ways between Alpine and the dealer network that we started, or Michael Jackson and me, for that matter, although we will be two separate companies.”
He added in the release that other contractual agreements “will provide a win-win relationship” between the two companies as they move forward.
“For instance,” the release stated, “provisions have been made to provide incentives to the EcoQuest sales network to allow its dealers to benefit from bringing a new product opportunity to Alpine.”

Michael Jackson Quoted
Jackson is also quoted in the release: “‘EcoQuest International will expand and grow at an even faster pace due to this business development. We will expand our product line to include new products to enhance and advance the quality of living indoors.
“‘We have more than 3 million Living Air sales, stacks of testimonial letters from satisfied customers and 14 years of successful home-based business building backing us up.
“‘That’s an incredible foundation to build on. Now, with this spin-off of the new company, we fully expect to see this business explode.’”
The release adds: “In addition to the sales force, EcoQuest also will acquire the customer service, marketing and creative services functions needed to support the multi-level marketing business, Jackson said.
“Long-range plans include exploring shared ownership to EcoQuest field leaders and key employees and a possible initial public offering within the next 48 months.”

— Managing Editor Douglas Watson also contributed to this article.

To find out more about EcoQuest Intl and their Products go to EcoQuest or email Bill Goddard with your Questions.

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